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Plant Physiol. 1994 Jan;104(1):59-66.
[beta]-Aminobutyric Acid Induces the Accumulation of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Plants and Resistance to Late Blight Infection Caused by Phytophthora infestans.

Cohen Y, Niderman T, Mosinger E, Fluhr R.

Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel (Y.C.).

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants were sprayed with aqueous solutions of isomers of aminobutyric acid and were either analyzed for the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins or challenged with the late blight fungal agent Phytophthora infestans. The [beta] isomer of aminobutyric acid induced the accumulation of high levels of three proteins: P14a, [beta]-1,3 glucanase, and chitinase. These proteins either did not accumulate or accumulated to a much lower level in [alpha]- or [gamma]-aminobutyric acid-treated plants. Plants pretreated with [alpha]-, [beta]-, and [gamma]-aminobutyric acid were protected up to 11 d to an extent of 35, 92, and 6%, respectively, against a challenge infection with P. infestans. Protection by [beta]-aminobutyric acid was afforded against the blight even when the chemical was applied 1 d postinoculation. Examination of ethylene evolution showed that [alpha]-aminobutyric acid induced the production of 3-fold higher levels of ethylene compared with [beta]-aminobutyric acid, whereas [gamma]-aminobutyric acid induced no ethylene production. In addition, silver thiosulfate, a potent inhibitor of ethylene action, did not abolish the resistance induced by [beta]-aminobutyric acid. The results are consistent with the possibility that [beta]-aminobutyric acid protects tomato foliage against the late blight disease by a mechanism that is not mediated by ethylene and that PR proteins can be involved in induced resistance.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232061&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Scand J Immunol. 2002 Dec;56(6):619-22.
Polymorphisms in interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes and malaria in Ghanaian children.

Gyan B, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori B, Troye-Blomberg M.

Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.

We have investigated the possible associations between polymorphisms in two interleukin-1 (IL-1) genes and severity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children with cerebral malaria, severe anaemia or uncomplicated malaria and controls. There was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies in IL-1beta exon 5 or interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) polymorphisms between the studied groups, suggesting that the two polymorphisms may not be involved in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. When parasitaemias in uncomplicated malaria patients were evaluated, a significantly higher level of parasitaemia was observed among carriers of IL-1beta A2 allele as compared with noncarriers of this allele (P = 0.01). The mean parasitaemia in an age-matched asymptomatic group did not reveal such associations. These data suggest that IL-1beta exon 5 allele 2 may play a possible role in the clinical outcome of uncomplicated malaria.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12472674&dopt=Abstract

Plant Physiol. 1994 Jan;104(1):209-215.
Plant Defense Response to Fungal Pathogens (Activation of Host-Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase by Elicitor-Induced Enzyme Dephosphorylation).

Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E.

Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada.

Elicitor preparations containing the avr5 gene products from race 4 of Cladosporium fulvum and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cells near isogenic for the resistance gene Cf5 were used to investigate events following the treatment of host plasma membranes with elicitor. A 4-fold increase in H+-ATPase activity, coincident with the acidification of the extracellular medium, was detected immediately after elicitor treatment. The elicitor-induced stimulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase was inhibited by okadaic acid but not by staurosporine, suggesting that protein dephosphorylation was required for increased H+-ATPase activity. This observation was confirmed by [gamma]-32P labeling and immunodetection of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Effects of guanidine nucleotide analogs and mastoparan on the ATPase activity suggested the role of GTP-binding proteins in mediating the putative elicitor-receptor binding, resulting in activation of a phosphatase(s), which in turn stimulates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by dephosphorylation.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232073&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Feb;104(2):551-556.
Elicitor-Induced Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity in Lignifying Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Leaves.

Mitchell HJ, Hall JL, Barber MS.

Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO9 3TU, United Kingdom.

The substrate-specific induction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Fenman) leaf cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195) was examined in relation to its role in regulating the composition of defensive lignin induced at wound margins. Treatment of wounds with a partially acetylated chitosan hydrolysate or spores of the nonpathogen Botrytis cinerea elicited lignification at wound margins and invoked significant increases in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and CAD activities. The substrate-specific induction of CAD with time was determined in elicitor-treated leaves and in excised lignifying wounds. In whole leaf extracts no significant increases in p-cou-maryl and coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase activities were detectable, but a significant 5-fold increase in sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity was evident 32 h after elicitor treatment. Similarly, fungal challenge resulted in elevated levels of only sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase in whole-leaf extracts. In excised lignifying tissues p-coumaryl alcohol dehydrogenase levels were similar to those observed in healthy tissue. A small yet significant increase in coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase was apparent, but the most dramatic increase occurred in sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity, which increased to values approximately 10 times higher than the untreated controls. Our results show for the first time that CAD induction in lignifying tissues of wheat is predominantly attributable to highly localized increases in sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232105&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Mar;104(3):917-923.
Cyclic [beta]-1,6-1,3-Glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 Elicit Isoflavonoid Production in the Soybean (Glycine max) Host.

Miller KJ, Hadley JA, Gustine DL.

Graduate Programs in Genetics (K.J.M.) and Plant Physiology (K.J.M., D.L.G.), Departments of Food Science (K.J.M., J.A.H.) and Agronomy (D.L.G.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

High levels of cyclic [beta]-1,6-1,3-glucans (e.g. 0.1 mg mg-1 of total protein) are synthesized by free-living cells as well as by bacteroids of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 (K.J. Miller, R.S. Gore, R. Johnson, A.J. Benesi, V.N. Reinhold [1990] J Bacteriol 172: 136-142; R.S. Gore and K.J. Miller [1993] Plant Physiol 102: 191-194). These molecules share structural features with glucan fragments isolated from the mycelial cell wall of the soybean (Glycine max) pathogen Phytophthora megasperma. These latter glucans have been shown to be potent elicitors (at nanogram levels) of the phytoalexin glyceollin in G. max. Using the well-characterized soybean cotyledon bioassay, we now show that the cyclic [beta]-1,6-1,3-glucans of B. japonicum USDA 110 are also biologically active elicitors of glyceollin production (but at microgram levels). We further show that both classes of [beta]-glucans elicit the production of the isoflavone daidzein within soybean cotyledon wound droplets.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232136&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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