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Plant Physiol. 1994 Aug;105(4):1239-1245.
Chemically Induced Cuticle Mutation Affecting Epidermal Conductance to Water Vapor and Disease Susceptibility in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

Jenks MA, Joly RJ, Peters PJ, Rich PJ, Axtell JD, Ashworth EN.

Department of Horticulture (M.A.J., R.J.J., P.J.R., E.N.A.), and Department of Agronomy (P.J.P., J.D.A.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

Analysis of Sorghum bicolor bloomless (bm) mutants with altered epicuticular wax (EW) structure uncovered a mutation affecting both EW and cuticle deposition. The cuticle of mutant bm-22 was about 60% thinner and approximately one-fifth the weight of the wild-type parent P954035 (WT-P954035) cuticles. Reduced cuticle deposition was associated with increased epidermal conductance to water vapor. The reduction in EW and cuticle deposition increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. Evidence suggests that this recessive mutation occurs at a single locus with pleiotropic effects. The independently occurring gene mutations of bm-2, bm-6, bm-22, and bm-33 are allelic. These chemically induced mutants had essentially identical EW structure, water loss, and cuticle deposition. Furthermore, 138 F2 plants from a bm-22 x WT-P954035 backcross showed no recombination of these traits. This unique mutation in a near-isogenic background provides a useful biological system to examine plant cuticle biosynthesis, physiology, and function.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232280&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Aug;105(4):1289-1294.
An Early Indicator of Resistance in Barley to Russian Wheat Aphid.

Belefant-Miller H, Porter DR, Pierce ML, Mort AJ.

Plant Science and Water Conservation Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075 (H.B.-M., D.R.P.).

During early stages of infestation by Russian wheat aphids (Diuraphis noxia [Mordvilko]; RWAs), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf cells collapsed and showed autofluorescence in the mesophyll and bundle sheath adjacent to the RWA stylet sheath. The response was visually similar to the hypersensitive cell death response, typical of resistance to microbial pathogens. Resistant barley produced significantly more collapsed, autofluorescent cells (CAC) than did susceptible barley. RWA stylet entry sites and sheath paths also fluoresced, making them easy to observe in whole leaf sections. The number of CAC increased with the number of RWAs and with the number of days of feeding in resistant plants. The CAC could be observed 1 d following infestation, making this the most rapid plant response toward the RWAs known to date. The response may be useful in screening for resistant plants and may provide insight into resistance mechanisms in barley.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232285&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Aug;105(4):1365-1374.
Defense Responses in Infected and Elicited Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Hypocotyl Segments Exhibiting Acquired Resistance.

Siegrist J, Jeblick W, Kauss H.

Fachbereich Biologie der Universitat, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Segments from dark-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hypocotyls were used to study defense reactions occurring upon fungal infection and induced by elicitors in the same tissue. The segments were rendered resistant to infection by Colletotrichum lagenarium either by growing the seedlings in the presence of dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCIA) or by preincubation of the cut segments with DCIA, salicylic acid (SA), or 5-chlorosalicylic acid (5CSA). This resistance appears to be due mainly to inhibition of fungal penetration into epidermal cells. In the resistant hypocotyl segments, the fungus induced, at the time of attempted penetration, an increased deposition of phenolics, which were visualized by autofluorescence. These phenolics were located mainly in the epidermal cell wall around and in the emerging papillae below appressoria and were quantified either as lignin-like polymers by the thioglycolic acid method or as 4-OH-benzaldehyde, 4-OH-benzoic, or 4-coumaric acid liberated upon treatment with alkali at room temperature. Pretreatment with DCIA, SA, and 5CSA induced little chitinase activity, but this activity greatly increased in resistant tissues upon subsequent infection. These observations indicate that resistance is associated with an improved perception of the pathogen stimulus resulting in the enhanced induction of diverse defense reactions. When the cut segments were pretreated with DCIA, SA, or 5CSA and then split and incubated with chitosan fragments, the deposition of cell wall phenolics was also enhanced. These pretreated and split segments also exhibited an increase in the rapid production of activated oxygen species induced by an elicitor preparation from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. Glya. Pretreatment of the segments with methyl jasmonate neither induced resistance nor enhanced induction of cell wall phenolics upon fungal infection, although we observed in the corresponding split segments some increase in chitosan-induced cell wall phenolics and in elicitor-induced rapid production of activated oxygen species.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232291&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Sep;106(1):97-102.
Plant Defense Response to Fungal Pathogens (II. G-Protein-Mediated Changes in Host Plasma Membrane Redox Reactions).

Vera-Estrella R, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E.

Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.

Elicitor preparations containing the avr5 gene products from races 4 and 2.3 of Cladosporium fulvum, and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cells containing the resistance gene Cf5 were used to investigate the involvement of redox processes in the production of active oxygen species associated with the plant response to the fungal elicitors. Here we demonstrate that certain race-specific elicitors of C. fulvum induced an increase in ferricyanide reduction in enriched plasma membrane fractions of tomato cells. The addition of elicitors to plasma membranes also induced increases in NADH oxidase and NADH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activities, whereas ascorbate peroxidase activity was decreased. These results suggest that changes in the host plasma membrane redox processes, transferring electrons from reducing agents to oxygen, could be involved in the increased production of active oxygen species by the race-specific elicitors. Our results also show that the dephosphorylation of enzymes involved in redox reactions is responsible for the race-specific induced redox activity. The effects of guanidine nucleotide analogs and mastoparan on the activation of plasma membrane redox reactions support the role of GTP-binding proteins in the transduction of signals leading to the activation of the defense response mechanisms of tomato against fungal pathogens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232307&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1994 Dec;106(4):1269-1277.
Acquired Resistance in Barley (The Resistance Mechanism Induced by 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid Is a Phenocopy of a Genetically Based Mechanism Governing Race-Specific Powdery Mildew Resistance).

Kogel KH, Beckhove U, Dreschers J, Munch S, Romme Y.

Institut fur Biologie III (Pflanzenphysiologie), Technical University of Aachen, Worringer Weg, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.

Treatment of susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCINA) induces disease resistance against the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei). A cytological analysis of the interaction reveals the hypersensitive cell collapse in attacked, short epidermal cells, along with the accumulation of fluorescent material in papillae, that appear at the time of fungal arrest. The cell-type-specific hypersensitive reaction occurs prior to formation of haustoria, reminiscent of the mechanism identified in genetically resistant barley plants containing the functionally active Mlg gene (R. Gorg, K. Hollricher, P. Schulze-Lefert [1993] Plant J 3: 857-866). This observation indicates that the mechanism of DCINA-induced resistance is a phenocopy of the mechanism governed by the Mlg locus. The onset of acquired resistance correlates with high-level transcript accumulation of barley defense-related genes encoding pathogenesis-related protein-1, peroxidase, and chitinase but not [beta]-1,3-glucanase. Subcellular localization of peroxidase activity shows an increase in enzyme activity in the epidermal cell layer and in the intercellular fluids of barley leaves. Four out of more than 10 identified extracellular isozymes are induced by DCINA. The epidermal cell layer contains a major constitutively formed isozyme, together with two isozymes specifically induced by DCINA. The data support the hypothesis that host cell death and high-level accumulation of defense-related gene transcripts are not only commonly controlled in certain types of race-specific resistance (A. Freialdenhoven, B. Scherag, K. Hollricher, D.B. Collinge, H. Thordal-Christensen, P. Schulze-Lefert [1994] Plant Cell 6: 983-994) but also in acquired resistance, which confers protection to a broad spectrum of different pathogens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232407&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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