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Kidney Int. 2003 Jan;63(1):72-82.
Direct involvement of the receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways in cisplatin-induced renal tubular cell death.

Tsuruya K, Ninomiya T, Tokumoto M, Hirakawa M, Masutani K, Taniguchi M, Fukuda K, Kanai H, Kishihara K, Hirakata H, Iida M.

Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. tsuruyntmed2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family members, such as Fas and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), are thought to induce apoptosis in a variety of cells and organs. Although a number of potential scenarios have been postulated for the involvement of these receptors in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure (ARF), direct evidence for their involvement in death of renal tubular cells (RTCs) and renal dysfunction is preliminary. METHODS: This study examined the roles of these receptors in RTC death in two systems: (1). in vivo murine and rat models of cisplatin-induced ARF, and (2). murine proximal tubular cells (PTCs), which were isolated from C57BL/6 (B6) mice, Fas-mutant B6-lpr/lpr mice and TNFR1-deficient mice, and normal rat kidney (NRK52E) cells in vitro. RESULTS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated cisplatin-induced up-regulation of Fas, Fas ligand and TNF-alpha mRNAs in the kidney in vivo and in RTCs in vitro, both in mice and rats. In contrast, the level of TNFR1 mRNA was substantial but did not change in response to cisplatin. TNF-alpha production in cell culture medium determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Fas expression determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis increased following incubation with cisplatin in B6 PTCs. In order to examine whether Fas and TNFR1 are directly involved in RTC death and renal dysfunction, we compared cell resistance to cisplatin using a cell viability assay and FACS analysis with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide staining. The ratios of cell viability loss and cell death, both from apoptosis and necrosis, were higher in B6 PTCs than in other cells, while the ratios were comparable between Fas-mutant PTCs and TNFR1-deficient PTCs. Caspase-8 activity was increased in B6 PTCs, but not in Fas-mutant PTCs and TNFR1-deficient PTCs. Furthermore, the renal dysfunction and RTC death, both apoptosis and necrosis, induced by cisplatin were more severe in B6 mice in vivo. CONCLUSION: Based on these data, we conclude that the Fas- and TNFR1-mediated apoptotic pathways are directly involved in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced RTC death process.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12472770&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]



J Invertebr Pathol. 2002 May;80(1):1-6.
Infectivity of resting spores of Massospora cicadina (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), an entomopathogenic fungus of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) (Homoptera: Cicadidae).

Duke L, Steinkraus DC, English JE, Smith KG.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Massospora cicadina Peck is a fungal pathogen of 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.). In northwest Arkansas, during the spring 1998 emergence of the 13-year periodical cicada, Magicicada tredecassini (Brood XIX), <1% of emerging cicadas were infected with the conidial stage of M. cicadina, similar to data collected from the same population in 1985. However, in northwest Arkansas plots treated with M. cicadina resting spores collected from infected 17-year Magicicada septendecim cicadas (Brood IV) in 1997 from southern Iowa, 10 months prior to the 1998 emergence in Arkansas, conidial stage infections of M. cicadina in 13-year Arkansas M. tredecassini cicadas increased significantly to 10.6% (7.9% in males and 2.6% in females). These data suggest that M. cicadina resting spores do not require a dormancy of 13 or 17 years between cicada emergences. Instead M. cicadina resting spores appear to be capable of germinating and infecting periodical cicadas after less than 1 year. In addition, M. cicadina resting spores derived from one species (17-year M. septendecim cicadas) were infective for a second species (13-year M. tredecassini cicadas). A mean of 1.4 x 10(6)(SE = 1.8 x 10(5)) mature resting spores were produced per infected male M. septendecim.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234535&dopt=Abstract



J Invertebr Pathol. 2002 May;80(1):7-12.
Pathogenic effects of bacteria isolated from larvae of Hylesia metabus Crammer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Osborn F, Berlioz L, Vitelli-Flores J, Monsalve W, Dorta B, Rodriguez Lemoine V.

Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Oriente, Estado Sucre 1060, Venezuela. fosbori.udo.edu.va

Hylesia metabus larvae are susceptible to several pathogens indigenous to the area in which they are found. Some larvae show symptoms characteristic of bacterial infection; they become flaccid and lethargic, and show a marked loss of appetite. We isolated and identified 29 bacterial strains from live, dead and experimentally infected H. metabus larvae, and evaluated their pathogenic activity. The bacteria which caused mortality in the larvae were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (60-93.3%), Proteus vulgaris (20%), Alcaligenes faecalis, Planococcus sp. and Bacillus megaterium (10%), at doses of 3-4 x 10(7). Although P. aeruginosa is a well-known insect pathogen, this is the first report of its pathogenic activity on H. metabus. The potential risk to humans and low virulence make it unlikely that P. aeruginosa could be used in an augmentative biological control programme. However its natural incidence may be enhanced using parasites and predators of H. metabus as carriers.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234536&dopt=Abstract



J Invertebr Pathol. 2002 May;80(1):29-34.
Molecular studies of co-formulated strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana.

Wang CS, Li ZZ, Butt TM.

School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. c.s.wanwansea.ac.uk

A 28S rDNA intron was used as a molecular marker to distinguish between two single spore strains of Beauveria bassiana, Bb123 and Bb151. When co-formulated and assayed against larvae of Galleria mellonella these strains exhibited no synergistic increase in virulence, rather Bb123 usually dominated. This study shows that the success of any strain to infect Galleria is dependent on the dose and method of inoculation (injection versus immersion). The result of co-formulated strains grown on solid culture also showed that usually one strain dominated, i.e., strain displacement could happen both in vivo and in vitro. The speed by which one strain was displaced following successive sub-culturing on PDA partly depended on the ratio of Bb151 and Bb123. The co-formulated inoculum could widen the window over which parent strains would be active on different water activity media. Co-infection did result in heterokaryosis within the Galleria host. Molecular studies also showed that the heterokaryon was not stable and could revert back to the parent strain.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234539&dopt=Abstract



J Invertebr Pathol. 2002 May;80(1):35-40.
Preliminary description of a new entomoparasitic nematode infecting Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World.

Secundino NF, Araujo MS, Oliveira GH, Massara CL, Carvalho OS, Lanfredi RM, Pimenta PF.

Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro do Pesquisas Rene Rachou--CPqRR, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz--FIOCRUZ, Avenue Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte--Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro CEP 30190-002, Brazil.

Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of important pathogens world-wide, including Leishmania spp. in the Neotropics. Entomoparasites have been described from phlebotomines, including virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and mites, some of which are capable of killing the host. In the present study, interference, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies were used for the first time to detect and morphologically characterize a new entomoparasite infecting Lutzomyia longipalpis. Several filiform larvae and eggs in different stages were encountered in the abdomen of female and male insects. Pairs of large egg-bearing nematodes found within cyst-like structures or free in the hemocel accompanied by larvae could be the adult sexual stages. This entomoparasite infects sand flies naturally in the field. We believe that stress caused by the colonization procedure produced an increase in the infection rate among sand flies affecting their development. These findings could be applied to future biological control studies of sand fly vectors.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234540&dopt=Abstract







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Saw palmetto berry is a widely known herbal supplement for hair loss problems. However, there are a number of great anecdotal herbs that people used for thousands of years stop hair loss and start hair growth. Numerous anecdotal cases have demonstrated that this herbal formula based on Chinese herbs actually improves the age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a significant fraction of people who take it diligently. It is unknown how Hair Million herbs actually stop hair loss, and promote hair growth, No scientific research or placebo controlled clinical trials have been conducted. Nonetheless, a number of people agree that it works.












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