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J Invertebr Pathol. 2002 May;80(1):46-54.
Differences between the pathogenic processes induced by Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Nemata: Rhabditida) in Pseudaletia unipuncta (Insecta: Lepidoptera).

Rosa JS, Cabral C, Simoes N.

CIRN and Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Acores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal.

Larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta are moderately susceptible to infections caused by entomopathogenic nematodes, being a desirable host to study pathogenic processes caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema glaseri and their associated bacteria. The ability of the infective stage of these nematodes to invade hosts is quite different. S. carpocapsae invades the highest number of insects and presents the highest penetration rate, followed by H. bacteriophora. Regression analysis between the number of insects parasitized and the number of IJs counted per insect, over time, showed a high correlation for S. carpocapsae whereas for H. bacteriophora it was low. Dose-response was most evident at a concentration below 100 IJs per insect on H. bacteriophora, whereas on S. carpocapsae it was found for doses ranging from 100 to 2,000 IJs. Student's t test analysis of dose-response showed parallel, yet unequal, slopes for both strains of H. bacteriophora, whereas distinct regressions were obtained for S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri, thus, evidencing each species develop a distinct pathogenic process. Insects injected with Photorhabdus luminescens died within 50 h after injection, whereas those treated with X. nematophila died much later. Moreover, the mortality in insects exposed to H. bacteriophora complex and injected with P. luminescens was close, but insects injected with bacteria died faster. Insect mortality in treatments with complexes S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri was significantly higher than that which was observed in insects injected with symbiotic bacteria.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234542&dopt=Abstract

Gene. 2002 Jul 10;294(1-2):249-57.
Characterization of IS999, an unstable genetic element in Mycobacterium avium.

Laurent JP, Faske S, Cangelosi GA.

Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 4 Nickerson Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

An IS3-family insertion element, IS999, was identified in the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium avium. The 1347 bp element has 29 bp inverted repeats and two overlapping open reading frames coding for putative transposases. It was detected in the genomes of ten of 12 M. avium isolates examined. Copy numbers ranged from four to 16. IS999 is less stable than IS1245, the most commonly-used marker for typing M. avium isolates. Among 60 colonies picked from a single patient isolate, there were two distinct IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns compared to eight distinct IS999 patterns (five in one IS1245 group and three in the other). In view of its instability, we asked whether transposition of IS999 might have phenotypic consequences. Nucleotide sequence analysis of insertion sites in four isolates revealed 16 putative structural genes that were variably disrupted by IS999. Insertions into hdhA, a gene that codes for a putative short chain alcohol dehydrogenase, were distributed non-randomly between colony type variants, consistent with phenotypic consequences that exert selective pressure. These observations illustrate the genetic heterogeneity that can exist within populations of M. avium that appear to be homogeneous by IS1245 analysis. IS999 may be a useful marker for tracking, at the sub-strain level, the rapid genetic drift that M. avium isolates undergo in nature and in the laboratory.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234687&dopt=Abstract

J Dermatol Sci. 2002 Sep;29(3):181-4.
Lack of association of TNF-238A and -308A in Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris, psoriatic arthritis and generalized pustular psoriasis.

Nishibu A, Oyama N, Nakamura K, Kaneko F.

Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima-ken 960-1295, Japan. nishibmu.ac.jp

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is one of the proinflammatory cytokines and immunomodulators, and has an important pathogenetic role in psoriasis. The TNF-alpha gene (TNFA) is in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class III locus on chromosome 6, which might be related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. It has been suggested that some polymorphisms of the TNFA gene promoter, especially G to A conversions at nt-238 and -308 (TNF-238A and -308A), may be associated with psoriasis in Caucasians. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNFA gene promoter in Japanese psoriasis patients, including 18 with psoriasis vulgaris (PsV), 11 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), two with generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), and six with GPP with arthritis. The DNA fragment of the TNFA gene from nt-400 to -69 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were sequenced. Although TNF-238A and other polymorphisms were not found in PsV and psoriatic arthritis patients, one male patient with GPP and PsA had TNF-308A. This suggests that TNFA gene promoter polymorphism in the region examined is less associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis in Japanese patients, however there might be the possibility that TNFA gene promoter polymorphism is associated with GPP. Further investigation will be required to prove this.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234707&dopt=Abstract

Trends Plant Sci. 2002 Sep;7(9):388-91.
Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing proteins in plants: a genomic perspective.

Jebanathirajah JA, Peri S, Pandey A.

Dept of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains were originally described from comparisons of proteins found in mammals and Drosophila. They are now known to occur in several organisms, with the most TIR proteins being found in ARABIDOPSIS: our analysis of the sequenced Arabidopsis genome has revealed the presence of at least 135 proteins containing TIR domains. Several novel types of TIR-domain-containing proteins are found in Arabidopsis that are not found in other genomes. Here, we discuss the roles of TIR-domain-containing proteins in pathogen resistance and as candidate signaling modules.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234729&dopt=Abstract

Trends Plant Sci. 2002 Sep;7(9):392-8.
Alternative splicing of transcripts encoding Toll-like plant resistance proteins - what's the functional relevance to innate immunity?

Jordan T, Schornack S, Lahaye T.

Institute of Genetics, Martin-Luther-Universitat, Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Saale, Germany.

Innate immunity in plants and animals shares many structural and functional homologies, which suggests an ancient origin of cellular defense mechanisms in both kingdoms. Pathogen sensing in animal innate immunity is mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These receptors have TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domains and leucine-rich repeats, which are modules also present in many plant resistance (R) proteins. Molecular analysis of transcripts encoding animal TLRs and Toll-like plant R proteins revealed many cases of alternative splicing. Recent studies of the tobacco N and the Arabidopsis RPS4 genes, both encoding Toll-like plant R proteins, showed that intron-deprived genes have reduced or no activity, suggesting that alternative splicing is a crucial component in these signaling pathways.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12234730&dopt=Abstract

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