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Fatty acids resources:

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J Periodontal Res. 2002 Dec;37(6):412-5.
Oral mucosa alterations induced by cyclosporin in mice: morphological features.

Meller AT, Rumjanek VM, Sansone C, Allodi S.

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin A-induced gingival hyperplasia are not well understood. The present work aimed at developing a mouse model with the characteristics of the human process, i.e. time of appearance, dose dependency and the capacity of developing in a variety of genetic backgrounds. This model would present the advantages of using a very well known animal species, small and easy to handle, with a number of experimental reagents (antibodies, etc.) already available against its products. METHODS: Three different strains of mice were used: CBA, F1(C57Bl x DBA), Balb/c. Groups of mice received different concentrations of cyclosporin A (CSA) (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally five times a week. Anatomical and histological alterations were recorded at various time intervals. RESULTS: All strains of mice presented gingival hyperplasia after 8 weeks of CSA treatment. A dose-dependency was observed with regard to the time of first appearance of alterations. Increased redness was seen in all animals at the sixth week, independent of the dosage used. Histologic examination exhibited increased vascularization, epithelial and connective tissue thickening, edema and a mononuclear infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to develop CSA-induced gingival hyperplasia in mice with the characteristics described in humans and other species. The use of this animal model may help in the elucidation of the process involved in CSA-induced gingival overgrowth.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12472834&dopt=Abstract



Vet Parasitol. 2002 Sep 26;108(3):185-93.
Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka, Japan.

Abe N, Sawano Y, Yamada K, Kimata I, Iseki M.

Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan. n.abphes.city.osaka.jp

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic pathogen composed of genetically distinct but morphologically identical genotypes. Recent molecular study indicates that dogs may transmit the cattle genotype, which is known to be pathogenic to humans. Although large-scale studies of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs have been performed in several countries, the isolates were not accurately identified because of the lack of a method for molecular analysis. It is important to identify the isolates harbored in dogs, which come in close contact with humans, in order to control human cryptosporidiosis. The aim of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka city, Japan, and to characterize the isolates molecularly. The prevalence was determined to be 9.3% (13/140) by PCR. All isolates were found to be Cryptosporidium canis (previously known as the dog genotype), which is thought to be non-pathogenic in humans, based on the sequencing of diagnostic fragments. These results indicate that PCR-based diagnostic methods are a useful tool for the diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs, and that dogs living in Osaka are not a significant reservoir for human cryptosporidiosis. It is unclear why C. canis is dominant in dogs. Further study is required to understand this partial parasitism.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237137&dopt=Abstract



Vet Parasitol. 2002 Sep 26;108(3):217-26.
Improved detection of endoparasite DNA in soil sample PCR by the use of anti-inhibitory substances.

Kramer F, Vollrath T, Schnieder T, Epe C.

Institute of Parasitology, Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine, Bunteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.

Although there have been numerous microbial examinations of soil for the presence of human pathogenic developmental parasite stages of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis, molecular techniques (e.g. DNA extraction, purification and subsequent PCR) have scarcely been applied. Here, DNA preparations of soil samples artificially contaminated with genomic DNA or parasite eggs were examined by PCR. A. caninum and T. canis-specific primers based on the ITS-2 sequence were used for amplification. After the sheer DNA preparation a high content of PCR-interfering substances was still detectable. Subsequently, two different inhibitors of PCR-interfering agents (GeneReleaser, Bioventures Inc. and Maximator, Connex GmbH) were compared in PCR. Both substances increased PCR sensitivity greatly. However, comparison of the increase in sensitivity achieved with the two compounds demonstrated the superiority of Maximator, which enhanced sensitivity to the point of permitting positive detection of a single A. caninum egg and three T. canis eggs in a soil sample. This degree of sensitivity could not be achieved with GeneReleaser for either parasite Furthermore, Maximator not only increased sensitivity; it also cost less, required less time and had a lower risk of contamination. Future applications of molecular methods in epidemiological examinations of soil samples are discussed/elaborated.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237140&dopt=Abstract



Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Oct;56(1):86-92.
C-Reactive protein augments inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cytokine-stimulated cardiac myocytes.

Ikeda U, Maeda Y, Yamamoto K, Shimada K.

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi, Japan. uikedichi.ac.jp

OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can exert negative inotropic and cytotoxic effects on cardiac myocytes and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. An elevated serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important predictive factor for cardiac disorders including acute myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy. The basic mechanisms responsible for this association are not clear; CRP may merely be a marker of inflammation with no specific role in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease or may directly modulate the disease process. We investigated the effects of CRP on iNOS expression and subsequent NO synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes, and the mechanism by which CRP exerts its effects. METHODS: NO production by culture neonatal rat cardiac myocytes was determined by measurement of nitrite contents in the culture medium. The expression of iNOS mRNA and protein were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The levels of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB proteins were analyzed by a gel retardation assay. RESULTS: Incubation of cardiac myocytes with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta; 10 ng/ml) caused a significant increase in nitrite production. CRP significantly increased the IL-1beta-induced nitrite production in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 microg/ml). Incubation with IL-1beta induced the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein in cardiac myocytes, and CRP enhanced their expression. Addition of IL-1beta activated NF-kappaB in cardiac myocytes, while CRP did not affect IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that CRP directly enhances NO synthesis in IL-1beta-stimulated cardiac myocytes through an NF-kappaB-independent mechanism.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237169&dopt=Abstract



Pain. 2002 Sep;99(1-2):175-84.
Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in astrocytes in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus.

Ma W, Quirion R.

Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3.

The activation of glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus by inflammation and nerve injury has been suggested to be involved in neuronal plasticity and central sensitization, hence contributing to tactile allodynia. The aim of this study was to determine the possible intracellular signal transduction pathway associated with glial cells, which have been activated by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), a well-characterized rat model of neuropathic pain. At 3 weeks post-lesion, PSNL markedly increased glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive (IR) astrocytes in both the L4-5 spinal dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus. Moreover, PSNL increased the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38, in glia-like cells in these same areas. Both phosphorylated (p) ERK- and JNK-IR cells were co-localized with GFAP, suggesting their expression in reactive astrocytes. In summary, our data indicate that PSNL activates ERK/MAP and JNK/MAP kinase pathways in astrocytes in the dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus, these events possibly being involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. 2002 International Association for the Study of Pain


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237195&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.





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