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J Inorg Biochem. 2002 Sep 20;91(4):527-41.
Expression, purification and spectroscopic characterization of the cytochrome P450 CYP121 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

McLean KJ, Cheesman MR, Rivers SL, Richmond A, Leys D, Chapman SK, Reid GA, Price NC, Kelly SM, Clarkson J, Smith WE, Munro AW.

Department of Biochemistry, The Adrian Building, University of Leicester, UK.

The CYP121 gene from the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The CYP121 gene encodes a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP121) that displays typical electronic absorption features for a member of this superfamily of hemoproteins (major Soret absorption band at 416.5 nm with alpha and beta bands at 565 and 538 nm, respectively, in the oxidized form) and which binds carbon monoxide to give the characteristic Soret band shift to 448 nm. Resonance Raman, EPR and MCD spectra show the protein to be predominantly low-spin and to have a typical cysteinate- and water-ligated b-type heme iron. CD spectra in the far UV region describe a mainly alpha helical conformation, but the visible CD spectrum shows a band of positive sign in the Soret region, distinct from spectra for other P450s recognized thus far. CYP121 binds very tightly to a range of azole antifungal drugs (e.g. clotrimazole, miconazole), suggesting that it may represent a novel target for these antibiotics in the M. tuberculosis pathogen.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237220&dopt=Abstract

Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2002 Jul 15;136(2):121-5.
Comparative genomic hybridization detects specific cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric ependymomas and choroid plexus papillomas.

Grill J, Avet-Loiseau H, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Sevenet N, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Venuat AM, Doz F, Sainte-Rose C, Kalifa C, Vassal G.

Department of Pediatric Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.

Pathogenesis and genetic abnormalities of ependymomas are not well known and differential diagnosis with choroid plexus tumors may be difficult when these tumors are located in the ventricles. We analyzed 16 samples of primary pediatric ependymomas and seven choroid plexus tumors for significant gains or losses of genomic DNA, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Four ependymoma samples were obtained after surgery for relapse, including one patient whose tumor was analyzed at diagnosis and at first and second relapses. Three out of 16 ependymomas and none of the choroid plexus tumors appeared normal by CGH. In the remaining ependymomas, the number of regions with genomic imbalance was limited. The most frequent copy number abnormality in ependymomas was 22q loss. In one patient from whom multiple samples could be analyzed during tumor progression, no abnormality was present at diagnosis; gain of chromosome 9 and loss of 6q were observed at first relapse and, at second relapse, additional genomic imbalances were loss of 3p, 10q, and chromosome 15. In choroid plexus tumors, recurrent abnormalities were gains of chromosome 7 and region 12q. The recurrent chromosomal abnormalities were clearly different between ependymomas and choroid plexus papillomas (CPP). Recurrent loss of 22q suggests that this region harbors tumor suppressor genes important in the pathogenesis of ependymomas; however, other pathogenic pathways may exist involving 6q and chromosome 10 losses or gain of 1q and chromosome 9. CPP can be distinguished from ependymoma on the basis of CGH abnormalities.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237235&dopt=Abstract

J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Sep 18;94(18):1406-14.
A prospective study of high-grade cervical neoplasia risk among human papillomavirus-infected women.

Castle PE, Wacholder S, Lorincz AT, Scott DR, Sherman ME, Glass AG, Rush BB, Schussler JE, Schiffman M.

National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. castleail.nih.gov

BACKGROUND: In case-control studies, smoking, parity, and oral contraceptive use have been associated with an increased risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) and cervical cancer among women who are infected with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). However, these potential risk factors have not been adequately studied in prospective studies. METHODS: We studied 1812 women who were enrolled in a 10-year prospective study of cervical neoplasia at Kaiser Permanente in Portland, Oregon, and who at enrollment had tested positive for oncogenic HPV DNA and had responded to a questionnaire that included questions on smoking, oral contraceptive use, and parity. Absolute risks and crude relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CIN3 or cervical cancer were computed for three time intervals (0-8, 9-68, and 69-122 months after enrollment) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Conditional logistic regression models were used to control for factors that may have influenced our risk estimates, specifically the cytologic interpretation of baseline Pap smear, number of Pap smears during follow-up, age at enrollment, age at prediagnosis visit, and age at diagnosis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive use and parity were not associated with risk of CIN3 or cervical cancer. Former smokers, women who smoked less than one pack of cigarettes per day, and women who smoked one or more packs per day had crude RRs for CIN3 or cervical cancer for the entire follow-up period of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.1 to 3.9), 2.2 (95% CI = 1.2 to 4.2), and 2.9 (95% CI = 1.5 to 5.6), respectively, compared with never smokers. In the multivariable model, former smokers, women who smoked less than one pack/day, and women who smoked one or more packs/day had RRs of 3.3 (95% CI = 1.6 to 6.7), 2.9 (95% CI = 1.4 to 6.1), and 4.3 (95% CI = 2.0 to 9.3), respectively, for CIN3 or cervical cancer compared with never smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in women who are infected with oncogenic HPV. Subsequent studies should examine the role of smoking in the multistage pathogenesis of cervical cancer.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237286&dopt=Abstract

J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):45547-57. Epub 2002 Sep 16.
Transforming growth factor-beta -Smad signaling pathway cooperates with NF-kappa B to mediate nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced MUC2 mucin transcription.

Jono H, Shuto T, Xu H, Kai H, Lim DJ, Gum JR Jr, Kim YS, Yamaoka S, Feng XH, Li JD.

Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and related factors are multifunctional cytokines that regulate diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune response. The involvement of TGF-beta receptor-mediated signaling in bacteria-induced up-regulation of mucin, a primary innate defensive response for mammalian airways, however, still remains unknown. Here, we report that the bacterium nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), an important human respiratory pathogen, utilizes the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway together with the TLR2-MyD88-TAK1-NIK-IKKbeta/gamma-IkappaBalpha pathway to mediate NF-kappaB-dependent MUC2 mucin transcription. The NTHi-induced TGF-beta receptor Type II phosphorylation occurred at as early as 5 min. Pretreatment of NTHi with TGF-beta neutralization antibody reduced up-regulation of MUC2 transcription. Moreover, functional cooperation of NF-kappaB p65/p50 with Smad3/4 appears to positively mediate NF-kappaB-dependent MUC2 transcription. These data are the first to demonstrate the involvement of TGF-beta receptor-mediated signaling in bacteria-induced up-regulation of mucin transcription, bring insights into the novel role of TGF-beta signaling in bacterial pathogenesis, and may lead to new therapeutic intervention of NTHi infections.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237307&dopt=Abstract

Plant Cell. 1997 Jan;9(1):75-83.
Wounding Induces the Rapid and Transient Activation of a Specific MAP Kinase Pathway.

Bogre L, Ligterink W, Meskiene I, Barker PJ, Heberle-Bors E, Huskisson NS, Hirt H.

Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

Mechanical injury in plants induces responses that are involved not only in healing but also in defense against a potential pathogen. To understand the intracellular signaling mechanism of wounding, we have investigated the involvement of protein kinases. Using specific antibodies, we showed that wounding alfalfa leaves specifically induces the transient activation of the p44MMK4 kinase, which belongs to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Whereas activation of the MMK4 pathway is a post-translational process and was not blocked by [alpha]-amanitin and cycloheximide, inactivation depends on de novo transcription and translation of a protein factor(s). After wound-induced activation, the MMK4 pathway was subject to a refractory period of 25 min, during which time restimulation was not possible, indicating that the inactivation mechanism is only transiently active. After activation of the p44MMK4 kinase by wounding, transcript levels of the MMK4 gene increased, suggesting that the MMK4 gene may be a direct target of the MMK4 pathway. In contrast, transcripts of the wound-inducible MsWIP gene, encoding a putative proteinase inhibitor, were detected only several hours after wounding. Abscisic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and electrical activity are known to mediate wound signaling in plants. However, none of these factors was able to activate the p44MMK4 kinase in the absence of wounding, suggesting that the MMK4 pathway acts independently of these signals.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237344&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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