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J Gen Virol. 2002 Oct;83(Pt 10):2411-6.
Sequence of the 3'-terminal end (8.1 kb) of the genome of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus: comparison with other haemagglutinating coronaviruses.

Sasseville AM, Boutin M, Gelinas AM, Dea S.

INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Centre de Microbiologie et Biotechnologie, Universite du Quebec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7.

A cytopathogenic coronavirus, serologically identified as porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), has recently been associated with acute outbreaks of wasting and encephalitis in nursing piglets from pig farms in southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The 3'-terminal end of the genome of the prototype HEV-67N strain and that of the recent Quebec IAF-404 field isolate, both propagated in HRT-18 cells, were sequenced. Overall, sequencing data indicated that HEV has remained antigenically and genetically stable since its first isolation in North America in 1962. Compared with the prototype strain of bovine enteropathogenic coronavirus (BCoV), HEV, as well as the human respiratory coronavirus (HCoV-OC43) showed a major deletion in their ORF4 gene. Deduced amino acid sequences for both HEV strains revealed 89/88, 80, 93/92 and 95/94% identities with the structural proteins HE, S, M and N of BCoV and HCoV-OC43, respectively. Major variations were observed in the S1 portion of the S gene of both HEV strains, with only 73/71% amino acid identities compared with those of the two other haemagglutinating coronaviruses.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237422&dopt=Abstract

J Gen Virol. 2002 Oct;83(Pt 10):2485-8.
Detection of measles virus genome in bone-marrow aspirates from adults.

Sonoda S, Kitahara M, Nakayama T.

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinano-Machi 35, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.

We investigated the presence of the measles virus genome in order to identify asymptomatic infections in the adult population. Bone-marrow aspirates were obtained from 179 patients, 20-96 years of age, for the diagnosis of malignant diseases (29 with malignant lymphoma, 28 with acute leukaemia, 21 with myelodysplastic syndrome, five with multiple myeloma and 96 with other diseases). The measles virus genome was detected in 17 (9.5%) of 179 individuals by RT-PCR and 28 (15.6%) through hybridization. The genomes detected in bone marrow were all in the same cluster, D5, the strain circulating during the study period, and no evidence of persistent infection was obtained. We conclude that asymptomatic infections of measles virus are common in adults and the presence of the measles virus genome would not be related to the pathogenesis of illness.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237431&dopt=Abstract

J Gen Virol. 2002 Oct;83(Pt 10):2497-505.
Structure of antigenic sites on the haemagglutinin molecule of H5 avian influenza virus and phenotypic variation of escape mutants.

Kaverin NV, Rudneva IA, Ilyushina NA, Varich NL, Lipatov AS, Smirnov YA, Govorkova EA, Gitelman AK, Lvov DK, Webster RG.

The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, 16 Gamaleya Str., 123098 Moscow, Russia.

To elucidate the structure of the antigenic sites of avian H5 influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) we analysed escape mutants of a mouse-adapted variant of the H5N2 strain A/Mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84. A panel of five anti-H5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to select 16 escape mutants. The mutants were tested by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition with this panel of anti-H5 mAbs and the HA genes of the mutants were sequenced. The sequencing demonstrated that the amino acid changes were grouped in two antigenic sites. One corresponded to site A in the H3 HA. The other contained areas that are separated in the amino acid sequence but are topographically close in the three-dimensional structure and partially overlap in the reactions with mAbs. This site corresponds in part to site B in the H3 structure; it also includes a region not involved in site B that partially overlaps site Sa in the H1 HA and an antigenic area in H2 HA. Mutants with the amino acid change K152N, as well as those with the change D126N, showed reduced lethality in mice. The substitution D126N, creating a new glycosylation site, was accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity of the mutants to normal mouse serum inhibitors. Several amino acid changes in the H5 escape mutants occurred at the positions of reported changes in H2 drift variants. This coincidence suggests that the antigenic sites described and analysed here may be important for drift variation if H5 influenza virus ever appears as a pathogen circulating in humans.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237433&dopt=Abstract

J Gen Virol. 2002 Oct;83(Pt 10):2553-61.
The viral envelope is a major determinant for the induction of lymphoid and myeloid tumours by avian leukosis virus subgroups A and J, respectively.

Chesters PM, Howes K, Petherbridge L, Evans S, Payne LN, Venugopal K.

Viral Oncogenesis Group, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.

Among the six envelope subgroups of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that infect chickens, subgroups A (ALV-A) and J (ALV-J) are the most pathogenic and widespread among commercial chicken populations. While ALV-A is predominantly associated with lymphoid leukosis (LL) and less frequently with erythroblastosis (EB), ALV-J mainly induces tumours of the myeloid lineage. In order to examine the basis for the lineage specificity of tumour induction by these two ALV subgroups, we constructed two chimeric viruses by substituting the env genes into the reciprocal proviral clones. The chimeric HPRS-103(A) virus carrying the subgroup A env gene is identical to ALV-J prototype virus HPRS-103 except for the env gene, and the chimeric RCAS(J) virus carrying the subgroup J env gene is identical to the parent replication-competent ALV-A vector RCAS except for the env gene. In experimentally inoculated chickens, HPRS-103(A) virus induced LL and EB similar to ALV-A isolates such as RAV-1, while RCAS(J) virus induced myeloid leukosis (ML) and EB, similar to ALV-J, suggesting that the env gene is the major determinant for the lineage-specific oncogenicity. There were genetic differences in susceptibility to tumour induction between line 0 and line 15(I) chickens, indicating that in addition to the env gene, other viral or host factors could also serve as determinants for oncogenicity. Induction of both LL and ML by the two chimeric viruses occurred through the activation of c-myc, while the EB tumours were induced by activation of the c-erbB oncogene.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237439&dopt=Abstract

J Gen Virol. 2002 Oct;83(Pt 10):2575-85.
On the evolution and molecular epidemiology of the potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus.

Bateson MF, Lines RE, Revill P, Chaleeprom W, Ha CV, Gibbs AJ, Dale JL.

School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia. m.batesout.edu.au

The potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Its P biotype is a devastating pathogen of papaya crops and its W biotype of cucurbits. PRSV-P is thought to arise by mutation from PRSV-W. However, the relative impact of mutation and movement on the structure of PRSV populations is not well characterized. To investigate this, we have determined the coat protein sequences of isolates of both biotypes of PRSV from Vietnam (50), Thailand (13), India (1) and the Philippines (1), and analysed them together with 28 PRSV sequences already published, so that we can better understand the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PRSV. In Thailand, variation was greater among PRSV-W isolates (mean nucleotide divergence 7.6%) than PRSV-P isolates (mean 2.6%), but in Vietnamese populations the P and W biotypes were more but similarly diverse. Phylogenetic analyses of PRSV also involving its closest known relative, Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus, indicate that PRSV may have originated in Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, as PRSV populations there are most diverse and hence have probably been present longest. Our analyses show that mutation, together with local and long-distance movement, contributes to population variation, and also confirms an earlier conclusion that populations of the PRSV-P biotype have evolved on several occasions from PRSV-W populations.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12237441&dopt=Abstract

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