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Am J Vet Res. 2003 May;64(5):627-34.
Activities of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal brush-border membrane enzymes during postnatal development of dogs.

Buddington RK, Elnif J, Malo C, Donahoo JB.

Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To measure activities of digestive enzymes during postnatal development in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Pepsin and lipase activities were measured in gastric contents, and amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were measured in small intestinal contents and pancreatic tissue. Activities of lactase, sucrase, 4 peptidases, and enteropeptidase were assayed in samples of mucosa obtained from 3 regions of the small intestine. RESULTS: Gastric pH was low at all ages. Pepsin was not detected until day 21, and activity increased between day 63 and adulthood. Activities of amylase and lipase in contents of the small intestine and pancreatic tissue were lower during suckling than after weaning. Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin did not vary among ages for luminal contents, whereas activities associated with pancreatic tissue decreased between birth and adulthood for trypsin but increased for chymotrypsin. Lactase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were highest at birth, whereas the activities of sucrase and the 4 peptidases increased after birth. Enteropeptidase was detected only in the proximal region of the small intestine at all ages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Secretions in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the duodenum, enzymes in milk, and other digestive mechanisms compensate for low luminal activities of pancreatic enzymes during the perinatal period. Postnatal changes in digestive secretions influence nutrient availability, concentrations of signaling molecules, and activity of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogens. Matching sources of nutrients to digestive abilities will improve the health of dogs during development.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12755304&dopt=Abstract

Inflamm Res. 2003 Mar;52(3):126-31.
Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by thiols in a murine in vivo model of allergic asthma.

Kloek J, Van Ark I, De Clerck F, Bloksma N, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G.

Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Since oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma, this study addressed the question whether supplementing the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), would alleviate features of allergic asthma in the mouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ovalbumin-sensitized mice received aerosols of the GSH-donors, glutathione-ethyl ester (GSEt) or N-acetylcysteine, before or during respiratory allergen challenges, or during methacholine challenges given one day after the last allergen challenge. Lung GSH levels were measured shortly after allergen or methacholine challenge. In addition, the effect of GSH supplements on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory cell numbers in the airway lumen was assessed. RESULTS: GSEt decreased allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness when given in combination with methacholine. However, when given before or during allergen challenge, both GSH-donors failed to decrease the methacholine-induced airway contractility, change cell numbers in the airway lumen, or increase lung GSH levels. In addition, allergen challenges of sensitized mice did not decrease lung GSH levels. CONCLUSION: In contrast to guinea pigs and humans, allergen challenges in mice does not lead to acute oxidative stress.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12755377&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 Dec;127(6 Suppl):S24-9.
Management update of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and the use of cefdinir.

Gwaltney JM Jr.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, 22908, USA. jmg3irginia.edu

The pathogenesis, bacteriology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is reviewed. Most cases of ABRS arise as complications of the rhinosinusitis of colds and other acute viral respiratory infections. Nose blowing during colds may be a risk factor for ABRS by propelling bacteria-laden nasal fluid into the sinus cavity. The bacterial causes of ABRS continue to be S pneumoniae. H influenzae, other streptococcal species, M catarrhalis, anaerobes, and S aureus. Clinical diagnosis of ABRS is based on obtaining a history of a cold or influenza-like illness that is no better or worse after >/=7 days. A 10-day course of treatment with an antimicrobial effective against resistant S pneumoniae and H influenzae is recommended. A clinical trial was reviewed in which cefdinir was effective in treating ABRS.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12511857&dopt=Abstract

Equine Vet J. 2003 May;35(3):258-63.
Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses.

Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Woodie JB, Dykes N, Erb HN, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV.

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate during exercise so that management of this condition could be enhanced. HYPOTHESIS: That the thyrohyoid muscles play an important role in the stability of the laryngo-palatal relationship and that dysfunction of these muscles leads to dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during exercise. METHODS: Ten horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill under 4 different treatment conditions: control conditions (n = 10), after resection of thyrohyoid muscles (TH, n = 10), after sham-treatment (n = 5), or after restoration of function of the thyrohyoid muscles with surgical sutures (prosthesis-treatment, n = 6). During trials, the following determinations were made: videoendoscopy of the upper airway, gait frequency and pharyngeal and tracheal static pressures. RESULTS: None of the 10 horses developed DDSP during 2 separate treadmill-exercise trials under the control conditions. Seven of the 10 horses developed DDSP after resection of the TH muscles, 4 of 5 of these horses still experienced DDSP after sham-treatment, but 5 of 6 horses no longer experienced DDSP at exercise after the prosthesis-treatment. There were significant anomalies in airway pressures, respiratory frequency, and occurrence of DDSP in both the TH resection and sham-treatment conditions compared to control conditions. In contrast, no statistical differences were noted in any of the parameters measured between the prosthesis-treatment and control conditions. CONCLUSIONS: That the function of the TH muscles is important to the stability of the laryngo-palatal relationship and plays a role in the pathophysiology of exercise-induced DDSP. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Management of horses with DDSP could be enhanced by restoring the function of the TH muscles.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12755428&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2003 Apr;40(2):183-208.
Acetaldehyde, microbes, and cancer of the digestive tract.

Salaspuro MP.

Research Unit of Substance Abuse Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PL 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. mikko.salaspurus.fi

Excessive alcohol consumption and heavy smoking are the main risk factors of upper digestive tract cancer in industrialized countries. The association between heavy drinking and cancer appears to he particularly prominent in Asian individuals who have an inherited deficient ability to detoxify the first metabolite of ethanol oxidation, acetaldehyde. Alcohol itself is not carcinogenic. However, according to cell culture and animal experiments acetaldehyde is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. In addition to somatic cells, microbes representing normal human gut flora are also able to produce acetaldehyde from ethanol. After the ingestion of alcoholic beverages, this results in high local acetaldehyde concentrations in the saliva, gastric juice, and the contents of the large intestine. In addition, microbes may produce acetaldehyde endogenously without alcohol administration. This review summarizes the epidemiological, genetic, and biochemical evidence supporting the role of locally produced acetaldehyde in the pathogenesis of digestive tract cancer. Special emphasis is given to those factors that regulate local acetaldehyde concentration in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. The new evidence presented in this review may open a microbiological approach to the pathogenesis of digestive tract cancer and may have an influence on future preventive strategies.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12755455&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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