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Arch Neurol. 2003 May;60(5):761-3.
Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea in patients homozygous for a CHAT missense mutation.

Kraner S, Laufenberg I, Strassburg HM, Sieb JP, Steinlein OK.

Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Germany.

BACKGROUND: The syndrome of congenital myasthenia with episodic apnea (CMS-EA) was previously found to be due to mutations in the choline acetyltransferase gene (CHAT). OBJECTIVE: To identify the mutations underlying CMS-EA in a Turkish multiplex family. DESIGN: Direct sequencing of the CHAT gene. PATIENTS: A consanguineous Turkish family with 2 siblings affected by muscular weakness and episodic respiratory distress. RESULTS: The sequencing of CHAT coding exons identified a previously unknown missense mutation that affected a highly conserved amino acid residue (I336T). The mutation was absent in 164 control chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: The high degree of conservation in different species strongly suggests that I336T is a functionally important amino acid residue. The absence of I336T from a large control sample further supports the pathogenic role of I336T in CMS-EA. This is the second report of CHAT mutations causing presynaptic CMS.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12756141&dopt=Abstract

Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Jun;31(6):731-41.
The disposition of voriconazole in mouse, rat, rabbit, Guinea pig, dog, and human.

Roffey SJ, Cole S, Comby P, Gibson D, Jezequel SG, Nedderman AN, Smith DA, Walker DK, Wood N.

Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (IPC 664), PGRD, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK. Sarah_Roffeandwich.pfizer.com

Voriconazole is a new triazole antifungal agent with potent, wide-spectrum activity. Its pharmacokinetics and metabolism have been studied in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and humans after single and multiple administration by both oral and intravenous routes. Absorption of voriconazole is essentially complete in all species. The elimination of voriconazole is characterized by non-linear pharmacokinetics in all species. Consequently, pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent upon dose, and a superproportional increase in area under the curve is seen with increasing dose in rat and dog toxicology studies. Following multiple administration, there is a decrease in systemic exposure. This is most pronounced in mouse and rat, less so in dog, and not observed in guinea pig or rabbit. Repeat-dose toxicology studies in mouse, rat, and dog have demonstrated that induction of cytochrome P450 by voriconazole (autoinduction of metabolism) is responsible for the decreased exposure in these species. Autoinduction of metabolism is not observed in humans, and plasma steady-state concentrations remain constant with time. Voriconazole is extensively metabolized in all species. The major pathways in humans involve fluoropyrimidine N-oxidation, fluoropyrimidine hydroxylation, and methyl hydroxylation. Also, N-oxidation facilitates cleavage of the molecule, resulting in loss of the fluoropyrimidine moiety and subsequent conjugation with glucuronic acid. Major pathways are represented in animal species. The major circulating metabolite in rat, dog, and human is the N-oxide of voriconazole. It is not thought to contribute to efficacy since it is at least 100-fold less potent than voriconazole against fungal pathogens in vitro.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12756205&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

J Exp Med. 2003 May 19;197(10):1335-44.
By altering ocular immune privilege, bone marrow-derived cells pathogenically contribute to DBA/2J pigmentary glaucoma.

Mo JS, Anderson MG, Gregory M, Smith RS, Savinova OV, Serreze DV, Ksander BR, Streilein JW, John SW.

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.

Pigment dispersion syndrome causes iris pigment release and often progresses to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). Because melanin pigment can have adjuvant like properties and because the Gpnmb gene, which contributes to pigment dispersion in DBA/2J (D2) mice, is expressed in dendritic cells, we tested the hypothesis that ocular immune abnormalities participate in PG phenotypes. Strikingly, we show that D2 eyes exhibit defects of the normally immunosuppressive ocular microenvironment including inability of aqueous humor to inhibit T cell activation, failure to support anterior chamber (AC)-associated immune deviation, and loss of ocular immune privilege. Histologic analysis demonstrates infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes into the AC and their accumulation within the iris, whereas clinical indications of inflammation are typically very mild to undetectable. Importantly, some of these abnormalities precede clinical indications of pigment dispersal, suggesting an early role in disease etiology. Using bone marrow chimeras, we show that lymphohematopoietic cell lineages largely dictate the progression of pigment dispersion, the ability of the eye to support induction of AC-associated immune deviation, and the integrity of the blood/ocular barrier. These results suggest previously unsuspected roles for bone marrow-derived cells and ocular immune privilege in the pathogenesis of PG.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12756269&dopt=Abstract

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7295-300. Epub 2003 May 19.
Tight-adherence genes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are required for virulence in a rat model.

Schreiner HC, Sinatra K, Kaplan JB, Furgang D, Kachlany SC, Planet PJ, Perez BA, Figurski DH, Fine DH.

Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that has been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis and infections of the heart, brain, and urinary tract. Wild-type clinical isolates have the remarkable ability to adhere tenaciously and nonspecifically to solid surfaces such as glass, plastic, and hydroxyapatite. Adherence by A. actinomycetemcomitans is mediated by the tight-adherence (tad) gene locus, which consists of 14 genes (flp-1-flp-2-tadV-rcpCAB-tadZABCDEFG). All but 2 of the genes have been shown to be required for the secretion and assembly of long, bundled Flp1 fibrils. To test whether the tad locus is required for colonization and disease, we developed a rat model for periodontal disease. To mimic the natural route of infection, Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated orally by adding bacteria directly to their food for 8 days. After inoculation with wild-type or mutant strains defective in adherence (flp-1 and tadA), the rats were assessed for colonization of the oral cavity and pathogenesis. Wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans was able to colonize and persist for at least 12 weeks in the oral cavity, elicit a humoral immune response, and cause significant bone loss in rats. In contrast, rats fed flp-1 or tadA mutant strains showed no bone loss and their immune responses were indistinguishable from those of the uninoculated controls. These results demonstrate the critical importance of the tad locus in the colonization and pathogenesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12756291&dopt=Abstract

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):6916-21. Epub 2003 May 19.
Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: a targeted chemical defense against marine fungi.

Kubanek J, Jensen PR, Keifer PA, Sullards MC, Collins DO, Fenical W.

Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037-0204, USA.

Pathogenic microbes can devastate populations of marine plants and animals. Yet, many sessile organisms such as seaweeds and sponges suffer remarkably low levels of microbial infection, despite lacking cell-based immune systems. Antimicrobial defenses of marine organisms are largely uncharacterized, although from a small number of studies it appears that chemical defenses may improve host resistance. In this study, we asked whether the common seaweed Lobophora variegata is chemically defended against potentially deleterious microorganisms. Using bioassay-guided fractionation, we isolated and characterized a 22-membered cyclic lactone, lobophorolide (1), of presumed polyketide origin, with sub-microM activity against pathogenic and saprophytic marine fungi. Deterrent concentrations of 1 were found in 46 of 51 samples collected from 10 locations in the Bahamas over a 4-year period. Lobophorolide (1) is structurally unprecedented, yet parts of the molecule are related to tolytoxin, the scytophycins, and the swinholides, macrolides previously isolated from terrestrial cyanobacteria and from marine sponges and gastropods. Until now, compounds of this structural class have not been associated with marine macrophytes. Our findings suggest that seaweeds use targeted antimicrobial chemical defense strategies and that secondary metabolites important in the ecological interactions between marine macroorganisms and microorganisms could be a promising source of novel bioactive compounds.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12756301&dopt=Abstract

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