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Fatty acids resources:

Fatty acids research abs 1 || Fatty acids research abs 2 || Fatty acids research abs 3 || Fatty acids research abs 4 || Fatty acids research abs 5

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Dec;66(12):5340-7.
Fatty acid competition as a mechanism by which Enterobacter cloacae suppresses Pythium ultimum sporangium germination and damping-off.

van Dijk K, Nelson EB.

Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4203, USA.

Interactions between plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in suppressing plant diseases and enhancing plant growth and development. While competition between plant-associated bacteria and plant pathogens has long been thought to be an important means of suppressing plant diseases microbiologically, unequivocal evidence supporting such a mechanism has been lacking. We present evidence here that competition for plant-derived unsaturated long-chain fatty acids between the biological control bacterium Enterobacter cloacae and the seed-rotting oomycete, Pythium ultimum, results in disease suppression. Since fatty acids from seeds and roots are required to elicit germination responses of P. ultimum, we generated mutants of E. cloacae to evaluate the role of E. cloacae fatty acid metabolism on the suppression of Pythium sporangium germination and subsequent plant infection. Two mutants of E. cloacae EcCT-501R3, Ec31 (fadB) and EcL1 (fadL), were reduced in beta-oxidation and fatty acid uptake, respectively. Both strains failed to metabolize linoleic acid, to inactivate the germination-stimulating activity of cottonseed exudate and linoleic acid, and to suppress Pythium seed rot in cotton seedling bioassays. Subclones containing fadBA or fadL complemented each of these phenotypes in Ec31 and EcL1, respectively. These data provide strong evidence for a competitive exclusion mechanism for the biological control of P. ultimum-incited seed infections by E. cloacae where E. cloacae prevents the germination of P. ultimum sporangia by the efficient metabolism of fatty acid components of seed exudate and thus prevents seed infections.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11097912&dopt=Abstract

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Dec;66(12):5469-71.
The Bradyrhizobium japonicum proline biosynthesis gene proC is essential for symbiosis.

King ND, Hojnacki D, O'Brian MR.

Department of Biochemistry and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.

Plant host-derived proline is proposed to serve as an energy source for rhizobia in the rhizosphere and in symbiotic root nodules. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum proC gene was isolated, and a proC mutant strain that behaved as a strict proline auxotroph in culture was constructed. The proC strain elicited undeveloped nodules on soybeans that lacked nitrogen fixation activity and plant hemoglobin. We conclude that the proC gene is essential for symbiosis and suggest that the mutant does not obtain an exogenous supply of proline in association with soybeans sufficient to satisfy its auxotrophy.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11097929&dopt=Abstract

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Dec;66(12):5472-6.
Simultaneous detection of Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 with fluorogenic PCR and single-enrichment-broth culture.

Sharma VK, Carlson SA.

Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA. vsharmadc.ars.usda.gov

A multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay for simultaneous detection of pathogenic Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was developed and evaluated for use in detecting very low levels of these pathogens in meat and feces. Two sets of primers were used to amplify a junctional segment of virulence genes sipB and sipC of Salmonella and an intragenic segment of gene eae of E. coli O157:H7. Fluorogenic reporter probes were included in the PCR assay for automated and specific detection of amplified products. The assay could detect <10 CFU of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7 per g of meat or feces artificially inoculated with these pathogens and cultured for 6 to 18 h in a single enrichment broth. Detection of amplification products could be completed in </=4 h after enrichment.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11097930&dopt=Abstract

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Dec;66(12):5536-9.
Does enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?

Makino SI, Kii T, Asakura H, Shirahata T, Ikeda T, Takeshi K, Itoh K.

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. smakinbihiro.ac.jp

An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause infection, we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although patient-originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13% NaCl, they were resuscitated in yeast extract broth, and more than 90% of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in NaCl water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to NaCl because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in NaCl water, but about 20% of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree mice were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not patients, killed mice and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to NaCl. O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed mice and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently NaCl sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11097946&dopt=Abstract

South Med J. 2002 Dec;95(12):1400-3.
Familial Mediterranean fever.

Odabas AR, Cetinkaya R, Selcuk Y, Bilen H.

Department of Nephrology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is unknown, and since no specific laboratory test is yet available, the diagnosis of FMF remains clinical. The purpose of this study was to review clinical characteristics of patients with FMF. METHODS: A total of 96 patients with FMF were evaluated either retrospectively (for those diagnosed before 1997) or prospectively (for those after 1997). RESULTS: The records of 54 male and 42 female patients were studied. All patients were Turks. Family history was positive in 72 patients (75%). Involved site was peritoneum in 73 (76%), joints in 65 (68%), and pleura in 16 (17%). Febrile myalgia occurred in 3 patients (3%), and erysipelas-like skin lesions were observed in 2 (2%). Fever was found in 93 patients (97%). Reactive systemic (AA) amyloidosis was found in 38 patients (40%). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic problems persist despite increased understanding of the pathogenesis of FMF. Amyloidosis, the most important complication of FMF, is often seen.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12597306&dopt=Abstract

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Hair Loss, or alopecia is a concern for increasing number of folks in aging society. Loss of hair is a visible problem, and affects the appearance and changes identity of a person.
The phenomenon of hair thinning and hair loss is most commonly associated with natural aging, although there are many other causes of hair loss, which include inherited or genetic conditions, illnesses, malnutrition, stress, hormonal problems, chemotherapy, and use of some drugs.
Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the heterogeneity in the underlying cause, there is no perfect cure for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a fraction of people who take it. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. However, there are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula:
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