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Fatty acids resources:

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Endocr J. 2002 Apr;49(2):211-7.
Plasma lipids and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T, Yano S, Yamauchi M, Sowa H, Chen Q, Chihara K.

Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, Neurology and Hematology/Oncology, Kobe University Postgraduate School of Medicine, Japan.

Many clinical studies have shown that osteoporosis is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular death. Although both high plasma levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are known to be risk factors for atherosclerosis, it is unclear whether such lipid derangements are also associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In this study, we evaluated the relationships between plasma levels of total C, LDL-C, HDL-C, or triglyceride (TG) versus bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, radius, or total body as well as the presence of vertebral fractures in 214 Japanese postmenopausal women (age range, 47-86 years, mean 62.7). Multiple regression analysis was performed between BMD at each skeletal site versus each lipid level adjusted for age, years after menopause, body mass index (BMI), and %fat. Plasma LDL-C levels were significantly and inversely correlated with the absolute values of both one-third radial (1/3R) and distal radial (UDR) BMD (p<0.01), and tended to be inversely correlated with the absolute values of L-BMD (p=0.051). In contrast, plasma HDL-C levels were significantly and positively correlated with the absolute values of L, 1/3R and UDR BMD (p<0.05). On the other hand, plasma TG levels were significantly lower in women with vertebral fractures than in those without fractures (97.0+/-36.5 vs. 126.4+/-65.8 mg/dl, mean+/-SD, p<0.05). When multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with the presence of vertebral fractures as a dependent variable and each lipid level adjusted for age, years after menopause, BMI, and %fat as independent variables, TG alone was selected as an index affecting the presence of vertebral fractures (odds ratio: 0.51, 95% confidential interval: 0.29-0.89 per SD increase, p<0.05). Our study showed that plasma LDL-C and HDL-C levels were inversely and positively correlated with both R- and L-BMD values, respectively, while low plasma TG levels were associated with the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Thus, plasma lipids might be related to bone mass and bone fragility, and might be the common factor underlying both osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12081241&dopt=Abstract



Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Aug;49(6):559-66.
An Arabidopsis callose synthase.

Ostergaard L, Petersen M, Mattsson O, Mundy J.

Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Beta-1,3-glucan polymers are major structural components of fungal cell walls, while cellulosic beta-1,4-glucan is the predominant polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Plant beta-1,3-glucan, called callose, is produced in pollen and in response to pathogen attack and wounding, but it has been unclear whether callose synthases can also produce cellulose and whether plant cellulose synthases may also produce beta-1,3-glucans. We describe here an Arabidopsis gene, AtGsl5, encoding a plasma membrane-localized protein homologous to yeast beta-1,3-glucan synthase whose expression partially complements a yeast beta-1,3-glucan synthase mutant. AtGsl5 is developmentally expressed at highest levels in flowers, consistent with flowers having high beta-1,3-glucan synthase activities for deposition of callose in pollen. A role for AtGsl5 in callose synthesis is also indicated by AtGsl5 expression in the Arabidopsis mpk4 mutant which exhibits systemic acquired resistance (SAR), elevated beta-1,3-glucan synthase activity, and increased callose levels. In addition, AtGsl5 is a likely target of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR, since AtGsl5 mRNA accumulation is induced by SA in wild-type plants, while expression of the nahG salicylate hydroxylase reduces AtGsl5 mRNA levels in the mpk4 mutant. These results indicate that AtGsl5 is likely involved in callose synthesis in flowering tissues and in the mpk4 mutant.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12081364&dopt=Abstract



Hum Pathol. 2002 Nov;33(11):1098-104.
Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinicopathologic findings at and after liver transplantation.

Ayata G, Gordon FD, Lewis WD, Pomfret E, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, Khettry U.

Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

The incidence of cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) has decreased since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV), still the etiology in 5% of cases with cirrhosis remains unresolved. Our aims were to define the clinicopathologic features of CC at liver transplantation (LT), evaluate the post-LT course with outcome and define the possible pathogenetic mechanisms. 27/534 LT recipients (5%) over a period of 16.5 years were entered in the LT database as cases of CC. A detailed analysis of pre- and post-LT clinical and all liver pathology specimens was performed. Based on clinicopathologic findings, a more definite diagnosis was possible in 23 of 27 (85%): Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in 9 (33%), autoimmune liver disease (AILD) in 6 (22%), alcoholic liver disease in 4, secondary biliary cirrhosis in 2 and 1 each of hepatitis C and portal venopathy. 4/27 cases remained unresolved. In the NASH group, native livers had focal steatosis, Mallory's hyalin, glycogenated hepatocytic nuclei, high-grade inflammation, and 3+ bile duct proliferation. Large cell dysplasia was more common in this group compared to other patients. Two patients had recurrence of NASH after LT. In AILD group native livers had little or no bile duct proliferation. Two patients had recurrence in AILD group. Of 27 patients 19 are alive (70%) with a follow-up of 407-3647 days. Based on the study results, the following conclusions were reached: (1) CC results from varying etiologies, which can be defined by a careful clinicopathologic analysis in a majority (85%) of cases; (2) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (33%) and AILD (22%) are the common underlying causes of CC; and (3) Post-LT outcome for CC is disease dependent with, recurrent disease seen in both nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (22%) and autoimmune liver disease (33%). 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12454814&dopt=Abstract



Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Aug;49(6):683-99.
Inducibility by pathogen attack and developmental regulation of the rice Ltp1 gene.

Guiderdoni E, Cordero MJ, Vignols F, Garcia-Garrido JM, Lescot M, Tharreau D, Meynard D, Ferriere N, Notteghem JL, Delseny M.

BIOTROP and CALIM programmes, Cirad, Centre International de Recherches Agronomiques en cooperation pour le Developpement, Montpellier, France. Guiderdonirad.fr

Using a genomic clone encoding a rice lipid transfer protein, LTP1, we analysed the activity of the 5' region of the Ltp1 gene in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) during plant development and under pathogen attack. The -1176/+13, -556/+13 and -284/+13 regions of the promoter were fused upstream from the uidA reporter gene and nos 3' polyadenylation signal, resulting in the pdelta1176Gus, pdelta556Gus and pdelta284Gus constructs which were transferred to rice by microprojectile bombardment. Histochemical and fluorometric GUS assays and in situ detection of uidA transcripts in transgenic homozygous lines harbouring the pdelta1176Gus construct demonstrated that the Ltp1 promoter is preferentially active in aerial vegetative and reproductive organs and that both specificity and level of expression are regulated during organ development. In leaf sheath, GUS activity which is initially strictly localized in the epidermis of growing tissue, becomes restricted to the vascular system in mature tissues. In expanded leaf blade, expression of the uidA gene was restricted to the cutting level suggesting inducibility by wounding. Strong activity was detected in lemma and palea, sterile glumes, and immature anther walls and microspores but not in female reproductive organs. No GUS activity was detected during seed embryo maturation whereas the uidA gene was strongly expressed at early stages of somatic embryogenesis in scutellum tissue. The Ltp1 transcripts were found to strongly accumulate in response to inoculation with the fungal agent of the blast disease, Magnaporthe grisea, in two rice cultivars exhibiting compatible or incompatible host-pathogen interactions. Analysis of pdelta1176Gus leaf samples inoculated with the blast fungus demonstrated that the Ltp1 promoter is induced in all cell types of tissues surrounding the lesion and notably in stomata guard cells. In plants harbouring the Ltp1 promoter deletion construct pdelta556Gus, activity was solely detected in the vascular system of mature leaves whereas no uidA gene expression was observed in pdelta284Gus plants. These observations are consistent with the proposed role of LTP1 in strenghtening of structural barriers and organ protection against mechanical disruption and pathogen attack.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12081375&dopt=Abstract



Fungal Genet Biol. 2002 Jul;36(2):117-27.
Involvement of Candida albicans NADH dehydrogenase complex I in filamentation.

McDonough JA, Bhattacherjee V, Sadlon T, Hostetter MK.

Department of Pediatrics and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.

The gene encoding the 51-kDa subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase complex I, a principal component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, was cloned in Candida tropicalis. The homolog in C. albicans, CaNDH51, was identified, and each allele was successively disrupted by PCR-mediated gene disruption. Wild type, heterozygote, reintegrant, and homozygous null mutants grew as blastoconidia in rich medium containing 3% glucose, but the homozygous null mutant failed to grow in ethanol or acetate. When glucose concentration was varied from 1 mM (0.018%) to 200 mM (3.6%) in a basal salts medium, all strains grew equally well at all glucose concentrations; the wild-type strain, the heterozygote, and the reintegrant exhibited abundant germ tubes, pseudohyphae, and hyphae. In contrast, the ndh51/ndh51 strain failed to display any type of filamentous growth, even in glucose concentrations as low as 1 mM. These results suggest a previously unexplored relationship between mitochondrial electron transport and morphogenesis.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12081465&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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