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Fatty acids resources:

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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12601-6.
Genetic mosaic analysis based on Cre recombinase and navigated laser capture microdissection.

Wong MH, Saam JR, Stappenbeck TS, Rexer CH, Gordon JI.

Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Defining molecular interactions that occur at the interface between "normal" and "abnormal" cell populations represents an important but often underexplored aspect of the pathogenesis of diseases with focal origins. Here, we illustrate an approach for conducting such analyses based on mosaic patterns of Cre recombinase expression in the adult mouse intestinal epithelium. Transgenic mice were generated that express Cre in the stem cell niche of crypts located in specified regions of their intestine. Some of these mice were engineered to allow for doxycycline-inducible Cre expression. Recombination in all pedigrees was mosaic: Cre-expressing crypts that supported recombination in all of their active multipotent stem cells were located adjacent to "control" crypts that did not express Cre at detectable levels. Cre-mediated recombination of a floxed LacZ reporter provided direct evidence that adult small-intestinal crypts contain more than one active multipotent stem cell, and that these cells can be retained in both small-intestinal and colonic crypts for at least 80 d. A method was developed to recover epithelial cells from crypts with or without recombination for subsequent gene expression profiling. Stained sections of intestine were used to create electronic image templates to guide laser capture microdissection (LCM) of adjacent frozen sections. This navigated form of LCM overcomes problems with mRNA degradation encountered when cells are marked directly by immunohistochemical methods. Combining Cre-engineered genetic mosaic mice with navigated-LCM will allow biology and pathobiology to be explored at the junction between normal and perturbed cellular cohorts.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11050178&dopt=Abstract



Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Oct 24;97(22):12222-6.
Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosylation.

Du XL, Edelstein D, Rossetti L, Fantus IG, Goldberg H, Ziyadeh F, Wu J, Brownlee M.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

The hexosamine pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. We determined first that hyperglycemia induced a decrease in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells via increased production of mitochondrial superoxide and a concomitant 2.4-fold increase in hexosamine pathway activity. Both decreased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and increased hexosamine pathway activity were prevented completely by an inhibitor of electron transport complex II (thenoyltrifluoroacetone), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone), a superoxide dismutase mimetic [manganese (III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin], overexpression of either uncoupling protein 1 or manganese superoxide dismutase, and azaserine, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine pathway (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase). Immunoprecipitation of Sp1 followed by Western blotting with antibodies to O-linked GlcNAc, phosphoserine, and phosphothreonine showed that hyperglycemia increased GlcNAc by 1.7-fold, decreased phosphoserine by 80%, and decreased phosphothreonine by 70%. The same inhibitors prevented all these changes. Hyperglycemia increased expression from a transforming growth factor-beta(1) promoter luciferase reporter by 2-fold and increased expression from a (-740 to +44) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter luciferase reporter gene by nearly 3-fold. Inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide production or the glucosamine pathway prevented all these changes. Hyperglycemia increased expression from an 85-bp truncated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter luciferase reporter containing two Sp1 sites in a similar fashion (3.8-fold). In contrast, hyperglycemia had no effect when the two Sp1 sites were mutated. Thus, hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction increases hexosamine synthesis and O-glycosylation of Sp1, which activates expression of genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11050244&dopt=Abstract



Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct 27;407(1-2):197-204.
Tryptanthrin inhibits nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis by murine macrophages.

Ishihara T, Kohno K, Ushio S, Iwaki K, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M.

Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., 675-1 Fujisaki, 702-8006, Okayama, Japan. fujisakayashibara.co.jp

Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of tryptanthrin (6,12-dihydro-6, 12-dioxoindolo-(2,1-b)-quinazoline), an antimicrobial and antitumoral plant compound isolated from Porigonum tinctorium, on NO and prostaglandin E(2) production by interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Tryptanthrin markedly inhibited both NO and prostaglandin E(2) production in a dose-dependent manner. Tryptanthrin at 20 microM fully inhibited expression of inducible NO synthase, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on NO synthesis was mediated by inhibited expression of the enzyme. On the other hand, tryptanthrin had no effect on the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 protein, but inhibited cyclooxygenase enzyme activity with a ICM(50) value of 1.5 microM. Thus, tryptanthrin has the dual functions of inhibiting both NO and prostaglandin E(2) production by activated macrophages, suggesting that tryptanthrin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11050308&dopt=Abstract



Thromb Res. 2003 Jan 25;109(2-3):119-24.
Imbalances between the levels of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in ARDS patients.

Gando S, Kameue T, Matsuda N, Hayakawa M, Morimoto Y, Ishitani T, Kemmotsu O.

Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, 060, Sapporo, Japan

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the pathogenetic role of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and neutrophil elastase in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as to test the hypothesis that TFPI levels modified by neutrophil activation are not sufficient to prevent TF-dependent intravascular coagulation, leading to sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which determine the prognosis of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study subjects consisted of 55 patients with trauma and sepsis who were divided into three groups according to the Lung Injury Score. Ten normal healthy volunteers served as control. Plasma levels of TF, TFPI, and neutrophil elastase were measured on the day of injury or the day of diagnosis of sepsis (day 0) and days 1 through 4. The number of SIRS criteria that the patient met and the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score is determined daily. RESULTS: Patients (15) developed ARDS, 23 were at risk for but did not develop the syndrome, and 17 patients were without risk for ARDS. TF and neutrophil elastase levels in ARDS patients were persistently higher than those in other two groups and control subjects. However, the TFPI levels showed no difference among the three groups, which retained normal or slightly elevated levels compared to the control subjects. DIC scores did not improve and SIRS continued during the study period in patients with ARDS. The ARDS patients showed higher numbers of dysfunctioning organs and associated with poorer outcome than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Systemic activation of the TF-dependent pathway not adequately balanced by TFPI is one of the aggravating factors of ARDS. High levels of neutrophil elastase released from activated neutrophils may explain the imbalance of TF and TFPI. Persistent DIC and sustained SIRS contribute to MODS, determining the prognosis of ARDS patients.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12706640&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]



Mol Ecol. 2000 Oct;9(10):1471-81.
Multiple gene genealogies reveal recent dispersion and hybridization in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

Xu J, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG.

Department of Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. jpxcpub.duke.edu

Cryptococcus neoformans (= Filobasidiella neoformans) is a significant emerging fungal pathogen of humans. To understand the evolution of this pathogen, 34 strains were obtained from various locations around the world and fragments of four genes were sequenced from each. These strains represented all three varieties and five serotypes. The four sequenced genes are: (i) the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit RNA; (ii) the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rRNA, including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA subunit and ITS2; (iii) orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase; and (iv) diphenol oxidase. Phylogenetic analyses indicated considerable divergence among lineages, which corresponded to the current classification of C. neoformans into three varieties. However, there is no apparent phylogeographic pattern. Significant incongruences were observed among gene genealogies. The analyses indicated that the major lineages in C. neoformans diverged tens of millions of years ago but have undergone recent dispersion and hybridization.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11050543&dopt=Abstract







Loss of hair changes the appearance of a person, and the identity of the person in social context to a certain extent. Hair growth is a complex biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the diversity of the problems underlying hair loss, there is no single solution for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Albeit only anecdotally, it has demonstrated efficacy in the improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a significant fraction of people who take it as recommended. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis.














DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.





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