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Fatty acids resources:

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Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Sep;45(9):1842-9.
Chronic ingestion of a potential food contaminant induces gastrointestinal inflammation in rats: role of nitric oxide and mast cells.

Anton PM, Theodorou V, Bertrand V, Eutamene H, Aussenac T, Feyt N, Fioramonti J, Bueno L.

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Toulouse, France.

Chronic ingestion of xenobiotics could be pathogenic in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, we showed that acute low administration of a food contaminant (diquat) induced intestinal secretion involving mast cells and nitric oxide. This work aimed to determine in rats: (1) the influence of a low level (0.1 mg/kg/day per os) chronic ingestion of diquat on gastrointestinal immune cells, and (2) the participation of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in these effects. Diquat increased both gastric and jejunal myeloperoxidase activities, tissue histamine in vitro release after stimulation by 48/80, and mast cell numbers. Diquat did not alter gastric NOS but increased intestinal inducible NOS (iNOS) activity. L-NAME prevented diquat-induced gastric and intestinal mastocytosis and gastric but not intestinal inflammation. L-NAME reduced gastric constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity and reestablished control iNOS activity. Chronic low level ingestion of diquat induces a low-grade gastric and intestinal inflammation with mastocytosis and enhancement of intestinal iNOS activity.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052329&dopt=Abstract

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000 Fall;10(3):157-64.
Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Delbello MP, Soutullo CA.

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. gelleredicine.wustl.edu

OBJECTIVE: Etiopathogenetic and treatment studies require homogeneous phenotypes. Therefore, effects of gender, puberty, and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on DSM-IV mania criteria and other characteristics of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder (PEA-BP) phenotype were investigated. METHOD: Consecutively ascertained PEA-BP (with or without comorbid ADHD) outpatients (n = 93) were blindly assessed by research nurses with comprehensive instruments given to mothers and children separately, consensus conferences, and offsite blind best estimates of both diagnoses and mania items. To fit the study phenotype, subjects needed to have current DSM-IV mania or hypomania with elated mood and/or grandiosity as one criterion and to be definite cases by severity ratings. RESULTS: Subjects were aged 10.9 +/- 2.6 years, had current episode length of 3.6 +/- 2.5 years, and had early age of onset at 7.3 +/- 3.5 years. No significant differences were found by gender, puberty, or comorbid ADHD on rates of mania criteria (e.g., elation, grandiosity, racing thoughts), mixed mania, psychosis, rapid cycling, suicidality, or comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), with few exceptions. Subjects with comorbid ADHD were more likely to be younger and male. Pubertal subjects had higher rates of hypersexuality. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support that the PEA-BP phenotype is homogeneous except for differences (hyperactivity, hypersexuality) that mirror normal development.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052405&dopt=Abstract

J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4687-92.
Isolation and characterization of fungal inhibitors from Epichloe festucae.

Yue Q, Miller CJ, White JF Jr, Richardson MD.

Departments of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.

A series of studies was conducted to test the antifungal activity of clavicipitaceous endophytes and to identify potential fungal inhibitors in this symbiotic infection. A diverse group of endophytes was screened for antifungal activity using organic extracts from liquid fermentation cultures. Fungal inhibitors were purified from fermentation cultures of Epichloe festucae using a bioassay-directed extraction with Cryphonectria parasitica as the test organism. Compounds shown to have antifungal activity were subsequently identified using NMR and GC-MS. Extracts from a wide range of fungal isolates had various degrees of antifungal activity, but the greatest antifungal activity was observed in E. festucae and Neotyphodium tembladerae. Three types of inhibitors were isolated from a batch culture of E. festucae, including several indole derivatives, a sesquiterpene, and a diacetamide. Among the indole derivatives, indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-ethanol were identified as the major indoles. These compounds were previously reported in endophytic fungi, and this study suggests a role in host disease resistance against other pathogens. The diversity in fungal inhibitors produced by this endophyte also suggests that fungal inhibitors may act additively or synergistically to reduce colonization of endophyte-infected hosts by potential fungal competitors.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052720&dopt=Abstract

Cytokine. 2000 Nov;12(11):1597-608.
Expression analysis and characterization of alternatively spliced transcripts of human IL-7Ralpha chain encoding two truncated receptor proteins in relapsed childhood all.

Korte A, Kochling J, Badiali L, Eckert C, Andreae J, Geilen W, Kebelmann-Betzing C, Taube T, Wu S, Henze G, Seeger K.

Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charite Medical Center, Campus Virchow, Germany. alexander.kortharite.de

In the family of cytokines and cytokine receptors, alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a frequently observed process that generates different protein isoforms from a single genetic locus. The splicing-derived cytokine receptor protein isoforms are mostly soluble receptors or show alterations in their cytoplasmic domain. It is possible that receptor abnormalities or a pathological ratio of different isoforms may contribute to leukaemia by circumventing normal growth factor control or altering the balance of proliferation and differentiation. IL-7 plays a critical role in early stages of both B and T cell maturation. Moreover, it stimulates the expansion of mature T cells including anti-tumour reactive cells as well as a number of T and B cell malignancies underlining its potential importance for deregulated lymphoid proliferation and leukaemogenesis. Here, we present detailed data on the expression of the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Ralpha) in leukaemic cells from 210 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and describe two novel alternatively spliced transcripts of human IL-7Ralpha coding for truncated receptor proteins which are still capable of binding IL-7. IL-7Ralpha mRNA expression was more frequent in more mature pre-B ALL [91% (30/33)] than in common [81% (81/100)] or pro-B ALL [64% (18/28)], or even in T ALL [64% (29/45)]. These results are in concordance with flow cytometric analyses on the proportion of IL-7Ralpha bearing cells among total blast cell population. Our results lead us to assume that splicing derived IL-7Ralpha isoforms play a potential role in modulating IL-7 signal transduction and might be important for the pathogenesis of leukaemia. 2000 Academic Press.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052810&dopt=Abstract

Exp Parasitol. 2000 Oct;96(2):75-88.
Role of nonspecific cytotoxic cells in the induction of programmed cell death of pathogenic protozoans: participation of the Fas ligand-Fas receptor system.

Jaso-Friedmann L, Leary JH 3rd, Evans DL.

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.

Numerous different species of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms produce programmed cell death (PCD) and apoptosis in eukaryotic targets. How ever, only a few studies have demonstrated that effector cells, cytokines, growth factors, or soluble apoptosis-inducing factors are capable of initiating apoptosis in protozoan parasites. Certain Tetrahymena spp. in teleosts are opportunistic pathogens. In the present study these pathogenic protozoans were developed as a model system to describe the potential role of the Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas receptor (FasR) system as a means of innate immunity in teleosts. Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) constitutively express soluble FasL (sFasL). Binding of the antigen receptor (i.e., NCCRP-1) on NCC to target cells caused the release of sFasL into the milieu. The presence of functional sFasL in these supernatants was determined by Western blot analysis and by demonstrating the lysis of FasR(+) HL-60 but not IM-9 (FasR(-)) targets. Soluble FasL containing supernatants generated by tumor cell-activated NCC also produced a reduction in 2 N DNA (i.e., DNA hypoploidy) of T. furgasoni. The induction of DNA hypoploidy by NCC supernatants could be neutralized by adsorption of the supernatants with anti-FasL antibody (but not with an isotype control). Experiments were next done to determine the expression of FasR on Tetrahymena and study the effects of anti-FasR monoclonal crosslinkage and treatment with soluble human recombinant FasL (huFasL) on initiation of PCD in Tetrahymena. Cell cycle analysis revealed that both crosslinkage and soluble huFasL binding to Tetrahymena produced DNA hypoploidy. The reduction in diploid DNA was confirmed by observing oligonucleosome fragmentation (DNA laddering) following anti-FasR treatment. Additional evidence for FasR expression on Tetrahymena was obtained using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Both methods showed that all Tetrahymena examined (three species consisting of four isolates) expressed membrane FasR. These studies demonstrated the potential of the FasL-FasR system in teleosts for initiation of antiparasite innate immunity. Effector NCC may initiate PCD of Tetrahymena that express a FasR-like protein. Induction of apoptosis may be a major mechanism of homeostatic control of protozoan parasite infestations/infections. 2000 Academic Press.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052866&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

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