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J Econ Entomol. 2000 Oct;93(5):1403-8.
Susceptibility of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) isolated in the Azores: effect of nematode strain and host age.

Medeiros J, Rosa JS, Tavares J, Simoes N.

Departamento de Biologia and CIRN, Universidade dos Acores, Portugal.

The armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), is a serious pest to the Azores's pastures. In laboratory bioassays we tested the susceptibility of this insect to entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in Azores: Steinernema carpocapsae Az20, Az150, and A48 strains, S. glaseri Az26 strain and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Az33 strain. The A48, Az20, and Az150 strains caused parasitism rates of 96.6, 90, and 53.3%, and mortality rates of 63.3, 46.6, and 23.3%, respectively, to sixth instar. The Az33 strain caused a parasitism rate of 73.3% and a mortality rate of 40%; whereas, the Az26 strain caused a parasitism rate of 40% and no mortality. A linear response dose-parasitism with a positive regression (r2 = 0.993) was observed in insects exposed to S. carpocapsae Az150 strain. Positive regressions were also observed between mortality and dose rate for S. carpocapsae A48 (r2 = 0.980), Az20 (r2 = 0.956), and Az150 (r2 = 0.963) strains, and H. bacteriophora Az33 strain (r2 = 0.999). Fourth instars were the most susceptible to the A48 strain, followed by the fifth instars, while the sixth instars were the less susceptible, with LD50 values of 26.2, 62.8, and 320.7 infective juveniles, respectively. The lethal time for each of the tested instars was 32.3, 35.5, and 49.2 h, respectively. The invasion rate was 33.5, 28.2, and 40.8 nematodes per treated larvae in the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars, respectively.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11057710&dopt=Abstract

J Econ Entomol. 2000 Oct;93(5):1409-14.
Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) upon the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) under field conditions.

De la Rosa W, Alatorre R, Barrera JF, Toreillo C.

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chiapas, Mexico.

The effect of three strains of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and two strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin upon the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), was studied in three coffee farms at different altitudes (450-1,100 m above sea level) in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. The maximum average percentage mycosis varied according to altitude. At 450 m asl (El Rincon) mycosis was 14.3% for B. bassiana and 6.3% for M. anisopliae; at 880 m asl (Santa Anita) mycosis was 40.6% for B. bassiana and 12.6% for M. anisopliae, and at 1,100 m asl (Alpujarras) 33.9% for B. bassiana and 22. 1% for M. anisopliae. The effect of fungal mycosis through time was not significant (P > 0.01) in any of the farms, but there was a significant difference between the strains of the fungus (P < 0.01); the best strains being Bb25 and Ma4 at the lower altitude, Bb26 and Ma4 for the middle altitude and Bb26 and Ma4 at the higher altitude. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rain were not correlated with the percentage mycosis caused by B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. However, in the case of B. bassiana there was a significant, positive correlation (P < 0.01) between the infestation levels of the pest and the mycosis response of the entomopathogen.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11057711&dopt=Abstract

Int Urol Nephrol. 2000;32(1):85-7.
Comparison of preputial sac and urine cultures in healthy children.

Savas C, Cakmak M, Yorgancigil B, Bezir M.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Suleyman Demirel University Medical School, Isparta, Turkey. savar-net-net-tr

The aim of the present study was to examine subpreputial bacteriology and to compare it with the urine cultures of healthy male children. Seventy-two male children were divided into two groups as A and B according to age. In both groups preputial sac and urine cultures were taken simultaneously. Gram (+) enteric cocci were the most common isolated pathogens from the preputial sac in group B. Enterobacter, E. coli and staphylococci species were isolated from the urine cultures of three patients in group B. We could not find any difference between the preputial sac swabs of group A and B patients, but the isolation rate of urine cultures of group A patients was significantly higher than group B (p < 0.05). The findings of the present study support a potential role of the prepuce acting as a reservoir of faecal bacteria in the pathogenesis of UTI in male infants, especially in the first year of life. Improved penile hygiene after the first year of life does not alter the subpreputial bacteriology, but significantly decreases the contamination of urine.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11057780&dopt=Abstract

Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;28(10):3555-7.
Pulse oximeter-induced digital injury: frequency rate and possible causative factors.

Wille J, Braams R, van Haren WH, van der Werken C.

Department of Surgery, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency rate of and factors associated with pulse oximeter-induced digital injury (PIDI). DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: All patients with a length of stay of >2 days. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN RESULTS: We monitored 125 patients by using a pulse oximeter with a nondisposable clip-on probe changed every 3-4 hrs from one finger to another. Daily inspection was performed with special attention to digital injury. Factors implicated in the pathogenesis of PIDI, such as vasopressor therapy, hypotension, hypoxia, hypothermia, and arterial cannulation of the radial or ulnar artery were recorded daily. A total of 22 patients received norepinephrine and dopamine, 34 patients were given dopamine, and 69 patients did not receive vasoactive drugs. PIDI developed in 6 of 125 patients, five in the norepinephrine/dopamine group, one in the dopamine group, and none in the patients not receiving vasopressors. When comparing the frequency rate of PIDI in patients receiving norepinephrine (5 of 22) with patients not receiving norepinephrine (1 of 103) the relationship between the use of norepinephrine and PIDI is significant (p < .001). However, this relationship may also be explained by the fact that patients in the norepinephrine group were more severely ill than patients not requiring norepinephrine were. This is reflected by a higher median severity of illness score (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II) (p = .001), median duration of hypotension (p < .001), median number of saturation drops (p < .001), and higher mortality rate (p < .001). Hypothermia did not occur in any of the patients. There was no significant difference between the median right-left difference in duration of arterial cannulation between the two subgroups (p = .8). In all surviving patients, PIDI healed without permanent damage. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population of critically ill patients in a surgical intensive care unit, the frequency rate of PIDI was 5% (6 of 125). Although an association with the use of norepinephrine was found, this small number of cases does not allow definite statistical conclusions concerning a relationship between the possible causative factors and PIDI. However, severely ill patients, as indicated by their need for more aggressive vasopressors, are more likely to develop PIDI. In survivors, PIDI healed without sequelae.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11057816&dopt=Abstract

Thromb Haemost. 2000 Oct;84(4):695-700.
Regulation of platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate release in vitro by 17beta-estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal women.

Bar J, Lahav J, Hod M, Ben-Rafael Z, Weinberger I, Brosens J.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel. Jbalalit.org.il

Clinical studies have suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Although progestins are commonly added to HRT preparations for uteroprotection, the perceived beneficial cardiovascular effects of HRT are thought to be mediated predominantly by the estrogen component. Platelets play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and, hence, it is possible that the cardiovascular effects of estrogens are mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of illicit platelet activation. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sex steroids on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release in vitro in postmenopausal women. In addition, the effects of antiestrogens 14-hydroxy tamoxifen (4-OHT) and ICI 182780] and antiprogestins (RU 486 and ZK 98299) were also investigated. Preincubation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with antiestrogens or antiprogestins did not alter subsequent platelet aggregation or ATP release in response to ADP. However, preincubation with 17beta-estradiol (E2) significantly inhibited ADP-mediated platelet aggregation by a mean (+/-SEM) of 37%+/-6% (p = 0.02) and ATP release by 82%+/-6% (p = 0.03), an effect that was reversed by the addition of ICI 182780 or 4-OHT but not RU 486 and ZK 98299. Although the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) also significantly inhibited platelet aggregation (by 28%+/-5%, p = 0.02) and ATP release (by 63%+/-9%, p = 0.02), this inhibition was not reversed by the addition of antiprogestins or antiestrogens. These data show that sex steroids can modulate platelet function in vitro. Furthermore, as platelets are devoid of nuclear components, these findings indicate that estrogens may regulate platelet function through binding to a non-nuclear receptor with ligand-binding properties similar or identical to the wild-type receptor. By contrast, MPA appears to exert its effect through a mechanism that does not involve binding to the "classical" progesterone receptor.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11057872&dopt=Abstract

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