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Int Immunol. 2000 Nov;12(11):1553-60.
Detection of autoreactive T cells in H-2u mice using peptide-MHC multimers.

Radu CG, Anderton SM, Firan M, Wraith DC, Ward ES.

Center for Immunology and Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8576, USA.

Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype for T cell-mediated autoimmunity. In PL/J and B10.PL mice (H-2(u) haplotype), the immunodominant epitope of MBP is represented by an N-terminal nonameric peptide, MBP1-9. To date, the MBP1-9-specific T cell repertoire has not been analyzed in quantitative terms. In the present study we demonstrate, using MHC class II tetramers, that 15,000-70,000 self-antigen-specific T(h) cells accumulate in the draining lymph nodes following immunization with spinal cord homogenate or MBP1-9. In contrast, MBP1-9-specific T cells are undetectable in unimmunized H-2(u) mice and represent >60% of the CD4 cells in naive mice transgenic for a TCR specific for this epitope. The results suggest that the extremely low affinity of the N-terminal peptide for I-A(u) does not limit the MBP1-9-specific T cells from expanding into a sizeable pool of autoreactive T cells. Therefore, the primary immune response to MBP1-9 does not differ quantitatively from previously reported CD4(+) T cell responses to foreign antigens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11058575&dopt=Abstract

J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 26;276(4):2551-4. Epub 2000 Oct 31.
Human Nod1 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Inohara N, Ogura Y, Chen FF, Muto A, Nunez G.

Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.

The immune response to microbial pathogens is initiated by recognition of specific pathogen components by host cells both at the cell surface and in the cytosol. While the response triggered by pathogen products at the surface of immune cells is well characterized, that initiated in the cytosol is poorly understood. Nod1 is a member of a growing family of intracellular proteins with structural homology to apoptosis regulators Apaf-1/Ced-4 and a class of plant disease-resistant gene products. Here we show that bacterial lipopolysaccharides, but not other pathogen components tested, induced TLR4- and MyD88-independent NF-kappaB activation in human embryonic kidney 293T cells expressing trace amounts of Nod1. Nod2, another Nod family member, also conferred responsiveness to bacterial components but with a response pattern different from that observed with Nod1. As it was reported for plant disease-resistant R proteins, the leucine-rich repeats of Nod1 and Nod2 were required for lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation. A lipopolysaccharide binding activity could be specifically coimmunopurified with Nod1 from cytosolic extracts. These observations suggest that Nod1 and Nod2 are mammalian counterparts of plant disease-resistant gene products that may function as cytosolic receptors for pathogen components derived from invading bacteria.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11058605&dopt=Abstract

J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1773-8.
Minimization of heterocyclic amines and thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in fried ground beef.

Salmon CP, Knize MG, Panteleakos FN, Wu RW, Nelson DO, Felton JS.

Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550-9900, USA.

BACKGROUND: Heterocyclic amine carcinogens are formed during the cooking of a number of foods, especially well-done meats. Lower temperatures and shorter cooking times can minimize the formation of these carcinogens, yet a major food safety concern is that pathogens in the meat must be thermally inactivated. This study investigated cooking techniques that minimize heterocyclic amine formation while simultaneously destroying contaminating bacteria. METHODS: Ground beef patties were inoculated with Escherichia coli K12 bacteria and fried to internal temperatures ranging from 35 degrees C to 70 degrees C in a skillet preheated to 160 degrees C, 180 degrees C, or 200 degrees C. Each patty was then analyzed for four common heterocyclic amines and for surviving bacteria. Additionally, the frequency of turning of the beef patty during cooking was varied (a single turn or multiple turns), length of time required for each patty to reach 70 degrees C was recorded, and heterocyclic amine levels were determined. An additional pan temperature of 250 degrees C was tested for its effect on heterocyclic amine formation but not on bacterial killing. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Colony-forming bacteria were reduced by five orders of magnitude at internal temperatures greater than 60 degrees C, regardless of cooking method, and were completely inactivated at 70 degrees C. For patties turned just once, heterocyclic amine levels increased as the cooking temperatures increased. However, levels of heterocyclic amines were statistically significantly lower with turning every minute. For each pan temperature, patties reached 70 degrees C internal temperature sooner when they were turned every minute than when they were turned just once during cooking. CONCLUSION: Lowering the pan temperature and turning the patties frequently can greatly reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines and can simultaneously achieve bacterial inactivation with little or no increase in cooking time, ensuring a product that is safe for human consumption.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11058620&dopt=Abstract

Radiology. 2000 Nov;217(2):371-6.
Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy.

Schwartz RB, Feske SK, Polak JF, DeGirolami U, Iaia A, Beckner KM, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, Chai RY, Repke JT.

Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rbschwartartners.org

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical parameters that are associated with the development of brain edema of hypertensive encephalopathy in patients with preeclampsia-eclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with preeclampsia-eclampsia and neurologic symptoms underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Clinical parameters recorded at the time of MR imaging included serum electrolytes and various indices of hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. Several data were available 1 week prior to the development of neurologic symptoms in 11 patients. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to study possible associations between these parameters and brain edema at MR imaging. RESULTS: The 20 patients with brain edema at MR imaging had a significantly greater incidence of abnormal red blood cell morphology (14 [82%] of 17 patients vs two [25%] of eight, P: <.005) and higher levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (339 U/L +/- 65 [SD] vs 258 U/L +/- 65, P: =.007) than the eight with normal MR imaging findings; multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a strong association with red blood cell morphology only. Moreover, LDH levels were elevated before the development of neurologic abnormalities (P: <.05). Blood pressures were not significantly different between groups at any time. CONCLUSION: Brain edema at MR imaging in patients with preeclampsia-eclampsia was associated with abnormalities in endothelial damage markers and not with hypertension level.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11058630&dopt=Abstract

Atherosclerosis. 2000 Nov;153(1):249-54.
Lipoprotein (a) is associated with endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women.

Wilmink HW, de Kleijn MJ, Bots ML, Bak AA, van der Schouw YT, Engelen S, Planellas J, Banga J, Grobbee DE.

Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC), Utrecht, The Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The atherogenic potential of Lp(a) may be by impairment of endothelial function. Objectives. We investigated the relation of Lp(a) plasma levels to endothelium dependent and independent dilatation of the brachial artery in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: One hundred and five healthy postmenopausal women aged 52-67 years were included in the study. Endothelial function was assessed non-invasively by measuring percent lumen diameter change in the brachial artery after reactive hyperemia and sublingual nitroglycerine spray. RESULTS: Flow mediated dilatation was inversely related to the plasma logLp(a) level. Mean change per unit logLp(a) increase:-2.83% (95% CI: -5.22--0.43). Elevated Lp(a) (>239 mg/l) (upper quartile) was associated with an impaired flow mediated vasodilatation (2.4%+/-1. 2) compared to Lp(a) < or =239 mg/l (5.2%+/-0.7). Adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors did not change the magnitude of the association. Nitroglycerine-induced vasodilatation was not significantly lower in the high Lp(a) level group, compared to the group with normal levels of Lp(a) (< or =239 mg/l) (8.0+/-1.2 vs. 11.4%+/-0.8). CONCLUSION: Elevated lipoprotein (a) levels are associated with an impaired endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women, independent of conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Since Lp(a) may be pathogenetically important for early vascular damage, elevated Lp(a) levels might contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk seen in postmenopausal women.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11058721&dopt=Abstract

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It changes personal appearance and identity in social context. Saw palmetto berry extract is a widely known herbfor hair loss as well as BPH problems in Western world. Saw palmetto berry contains phytochemicals that inhibits 5-alpha-reductase that converts testosterone to DHT.

There are a number of traditional herbs that could stop hair loss and promotes hair growth. Numerous personal experiences and anecdotal cases testify that the herbal formula based on the Chinese herbs improves the situation of the age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a large fraction of people taking it regularly. It is unknown how Hair Million herbs stop hair loss, and promote hair growth due to the lack of scientific research and placebo controlled clinical trials.

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