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Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Nov;13(11):1237-42.
Crg, a gene required for Ur-3-mediated rust resistance in common bean, maps to a resistance gene analog cluster.

Kalavacharia V, Stavely JR, Myers JR, McClean PE.

Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA.

Race-specific resistance to the bean rust pathogen (Uromyces appendiculatus) is provided by a number of loci in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The Ur-3 locus controls hypersensitive resistance (HR) to 44 of the 89 races curated in the United States. To better understand resistance mediated by this locus, we developed new genetic material for analysis. We developed a population of mutagenized seed of cv. Sierra (genotype = Ur-3 ur-4 ur-6) that was screened with a bean rust race that is normally incompatible (HR response) on Ur-3 genotypes. We discovered two mutants of common bean, crg and ur3-delta3, in which uredinia formed on leaves (a compatible interaction) following infection. The F1 generation from a cross of these two mutants expressed the HR response, and the F2 generation segregated in a ratio of 9:7 (HR/uredinia formation). Therefore, the two genes are unlinked. Further genetic analysis determined that the mutation in ur3-delta3 was in the Ur-3 locus, and the mutation in crg was in a newly discovered gene given the symbol Crg (Complements resistance gene). Each mutation was inherited in a recessive manner. Unlike ur3-delta3, crg expressed reduced compatibility to bean rust races 49 and 47 that are normally fully compatible on genotypes, such as Sierra, that are homozygous recessive at the Ur-4 and Ur-6 loci. This suggests a gene mutated in crg is normally a positive compatibility factor for the bean-bean rust interaction. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of crg with primers to common bean resistance gene analogs (RGA) that contain a nucleotide-binding site sequence similar to those found in a number of plant disease resistance genes revealed that crg is missing the SB1 RGA, but not the linked SB3 and SB5 RGAs. Genetic analyses revealed that Crg cosegregates with the SB1 RGA. These results demonstrate that Crg is located near a RGA cluster in the common bean genome.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11059490&dopt=Abstract

Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Nov;13(11):1266-70.
The I gene of bean: a dosage-dependent allele conferring extreme resistance, hypersensitive resistance, or spreading vascular necrosis in response to the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus.

Collmer CW, Marston MF, Taylor JC, Jahn M.

Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Wells College, Aurora, NY 13026, USA. ccollmeells.edu

The resistance to the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) conferred by the I allele in cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris has been characterized as dominant, and it has been associated with both immunity and a systemic vascular necrosis in infected bean plants under field, as well as controlled, conditions. In our attempts to understand more fully the nature of the interaction between bean with the I resistance allele and the pathogen BCMV, we carefully varied both I allele dosage and temperature and observed the resulting, varying resistance responses. We report here that the I allele in the bean cultivars we studied is not dominant, but rather incompletely dominant, and that the system can be manipulated to show in plants a continuum of response to BCMV that ranges from immunity or extreme resistance, to hypersensitive resistance, to systemic phloem necrosis (and subsequent plant death). We propose that the particular phenotypic outcome in bean results from a quantitative interaction between viral pathogen and plant host that can be altered to favor one or the other by manipulating I allele dosage, temperature, viral pathogen, or plant cultivar.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11059494&dopt=Abstract

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2000;48(4):301-7.
Serum levels of cytokines in alcoholic liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis.

Szuster-Ciesielska A, Daniluk J, Kandefer-Zerszen M.

Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sktodowska University, Lublin, Poland,

Although altered cytokine homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both alcoholic liver and pancreas diseases, the serum cytokine pattern characteristic of concomitant alcoholic liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis has not been examined. In this paper we examine the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and also antiinflammatory ones, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta, in 22 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and 28 patients with chronic pancreatitis and compare them with those detected in the sera of 14 patients with concomitant alcoholic cirrhosis and pancreatitis. All patients were heavy alcohol drinkers, consuming more than 70 g of pure alcohol per day for at least 5 years. The control group consisted of 33 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects receiving an annual health examination. They were not addicted to alcohol and confirmed to be free of major cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary-pancreatic diseases. The results indicated that the cytokine pattern in the sera of patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis was characterized by increased levels of two proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-alpha, the concentration of which seemed to be influenced by both liver and pancreas injury, and IL-6, which seemed to be rather connected with pancreas injury. Increased levels of IL-8, which were detected in the sera of patients with cirrhosis, pancreatitis and concomitant cirrhosis and pancreatitis, were rather connected with exacerbation of the disease processes which occurred only in some of the patients. No significant changes in the levels of IL-10 or TGF-beta were detected in the sera of patients with chronic pancreatitis and concomitant cirrhosis and pancreatitis, while in patients with cirrhosis significantly decreased levels of IL-10 were found. A significant imbalance between proinflammatory/antiinflammatory signals was especially characteristic of alcoholic cirrhosis and concomitant cirrhosis with pancreatitis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11059648&dopt=Abstract

Surg Today. 2000;30(10):875-8.
Changes in T-cell receptor subsets after cardiac surgery in children.

Yamaguchi T, Murakami A, Fukahara K, Ueda T, Ichida F, Miyawaki T, Misaki T.

First Department of Surgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.

T cells are divided into two subsets, alphabeta and gammadelta, according to the T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed. Recent findings indicate that gammadelta T cells serve as the first defense against microbial pathogens, and represent a link between innate and acquired immunity. We conducted a study to investigate the changes in circulating TCR subsets after cardiac surgery in children. Blood samples from 24 children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were collected serially to analyze TCR subsets by flow cytometry. The alphabeta T cells reached a nadir on postoperative day (POD) 1, but recovered to pre-CPB levels on POD 3. On the other hand, the gammadelta T cells decreased after CPB and did not recover to pre-CPB levels even after POD 7. The alphabeta/gammadelta T-cell ratio was increased after POD 3. In children, gammadelta T cells recover more slowly than alphabeta T cells after cardiac surgery. These changes in TCR subsets may contribute to postoperative immunosuppression.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11059725&dopt=Abstract

Cancer Res. 2000 Oct 15;60(20):5612-6.
A variant within the DNA repair gene XRCC3 is associated with the development of melanoma skin cancer.

Winsey SL, Haldar NA, Marsh HP, Bunce M, Marshall SE, Harris AL, Wojnarowska F, Welsh KI.

Department of Dermatology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom.

Exposure to UV radiation is a major risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma. DNA damage caused by UV radiation is thought to play a major role in carcinogenesis induction. Multiprotein pathways involved in repairing UV-DNA damage are the base excision, the nucleotide excision, and the homologous double-stranded DNA repair pathways. This study used a sequence-specific primer PCR (PCR-SSP) genotyping method to investigate the association between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes from these pathways with the development of malignant melanoma. The patient cohort was comprised of 125 individuals with malignant melanoma with lesions or staging suggesting a high risk of relapse or metastatic disease. The control population consisted of 211 individuals. We found the presence of a T allele in exon 7 (position 18067) of the XRCC3 gene was significantly associated with melanoma development (P = 0.004; odds ratio, 2.36; relative risk, 1.74). This gene codes for a protein involved in the homologous pathway of double-stranded DNA repair, thought to repair chromosomal fragmentation, translocations, and deletions. These results may provide further insights into the pathogenesis and the mechanism of UV-radiation induced carcinogenesis as well as having a role in prevention.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11059748&dopt=Abstract

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