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Fatty acids resources:

Fatty acids research abs 1 || Fatty acids research abs 2 || Fatty acids research abs 3 || Fatty acids research abs 4 || Fatty acids research abs 5





J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Nov 1;111(1-2):152-60.
Suppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in IL-10 gene-disrupted mice is associated with reduced B cells and serum cytotoxicity on mouse cell line expressing AChR.

Poussin MA, Goluszko E, Hughes TK, Duchicella SI, Christadoss P.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555-1070, Galveston, TX, USA.

To analyze the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) pathogenesis, we induced clinical EAMG in C57BL/6 and IL-10 gene-knockout (KO) mice. IL-10 KO mice had a lower incidence and severity of EAMG, with less muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) loss. AChR-immunized IL-10 KO mice showed a significantly higher AChR-specific proliferative response, altered cytokine response, lower number of class II-positive cells and B-cells, but a greater CD5(+)CD19(+) population than C57BL/6 mice. The lower clinical incidence in IL-10 KO could be explained not by a reduction of the quantity, but by a possible difference in the pathogenicity of anti-AChR antibodies.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11063833&dopt=Abstract



J Virol. 2000 Dec;74(23):10950-7.
Hepatitis A virus-specific immunoglobulin A mediates infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis A virus via the asialoglycoprotein receptor.

Dotzauer A, Gebhardt U, Bieback K, Gottke U, Kracke A, Mages J, Lemon SM, Vallbracht A.

Department of Virology, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. dotzaueni-bremen.de

The mechanisms underlying the hepatotropism of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the relapsing courses of HAV infections are unknown. In this report, we show for a mouse hepatocyte model that HAV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) mediates infection of hepatocytes with HAV via the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which binds and internalizes IgA molecules. Proof of HAV infection was obtained by detection of HAV minus-strand RNA, which is indicative for virus replication, and quantification of infectious virions. We demonstrate that human hepatocytes also ingest HAV-anti-HAV IgA complexes by the same mechanism, resulting in infection of the cells, by using the HepG2 cell line and primary hepatocytes. The relevance of this surrogate receptor mechanism in HAV pathogenesis lies in the fact that HAV, IgA, and antigen-IgA complexes use the same pathway within the organism, leading from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver via blood and back to the gastrointestinal tract via bile fluid. Therefore, HAV-specific IgA antibodies produced by gastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue may serve as carrier and targeting molecules, enabling and supporting HAV infection of IgA receptor-positive hepatocytes and, in the case of relapsing courses, allowing reinfection of the liver in the presence of otherwise neutralizing antibodies, resulting in exacerbation of liver disease.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11069989&dopt=Abstract



J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Nov 1;111(1-2):234-40.
Lesion associated expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87) in human cerebral malaria.

Fauser S, Deininger MH, Kremsner PG, Magdolen V, Luther T, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ.

Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Medical School, Caiwer Strasse 3, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany.

Blood-brain barrier disintegration and inflammatory cell recruitment are key processes in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). Recent data provide convincing evidence that the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a key molecule in promoting cell adhesion and spreading. We have now analyzed expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87), which is part of a cell surface associated proteolytic system, in brains of eight CM patients and seven neuropathologically unaltered and diseased controls by immunohistochemistry. Double labeling experiments with antibodies directed against CD68 (macrophages/microglial cells), myeloid-related protein (MRP8), and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) confirmed the nature of uPAR expressing cells. We observed focal accumulation of uPAR expressing macrophages/microglial cells in Durck's granulomas and adjacent to petechial hemorrhages, in astrocytes, and in endothelial cells. In contrast, focal uPAR expression in macrophages/microglial cells but not in astrocytes was found in microglial nodules of toxoplasmic encephalitis and in the cellular infiltrate of bacterial meningitis. Normal brains showed only faint uPAR expression in endothelial cells. We conclude from these data that lesion-associated uPAR expression at least in part contributes to blood-brain barrier alteration and immunologic dysfunction in CM patients.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11063844&dopt=Abstract



Am J Pathol. 2003 May;162(5):1515-20.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand.

Abe R, Shimizu T, Shibaki A, Nakamura H, Watanabe H, Shimizu H.

Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. abered.hokudai.ac.jp

The pathogeneses of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), both severe blistering diseases usually associated with drug intake, are not fully elucidated. Histologically, both TEN and SJS are characterized by extensive keratinocyte apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that keratinocyte apoptosis in TEN and SJS was induced by a suicidal interaction between Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), which are both expressed by keratinocytes. However, our preliminary examinations demonstrated that FasL is hardly detected on keratinocytes. We hypothesized that soluble FasL (sFasL) is secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and this interacts with the Fas expressed on keratinocytes in TEN and SJS. To justify this hypothesis, we investigated whether sFasL secreted by PBMCs could induce the keratinocyte apoptosis in TEN and SJS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis demonstrated that there was no significant sFasL increase in any samples of healthy controls (<40 pg/ml, n = 14) and patients with an ordinary erythema multiforme-type drug eruption (41.5 +/- 3.1 pg/ml, n = 14), whereas high concentrations are detected in all samples of TEN and SJS patients (TEN: 131.5 +/- 57.4 pg/ml, n = 8; SJS: 119.1 +/- 41.0 pg/ml, n = 14) (P < 0.0001). In vitro analysis using cultured keratinocytes revealed that the sera of TEN and SJS patients induced abundant keratinocyte apoptosis compared to erythema multiforme-type drug eruption sera. Furthermore, on stimulation with the causal drug, PBMCs obtained from TEN and SJS patients secreted high levels of sFasL. Taken together, these results indicate that sFasL secreted by PBMCs, not keratinocytes, plays a crucial role in the apoptosis and pathomechanism of TEN and SJS, and that the serum sFasL level may be a good indicator for the early diagnosis of TEN and SJS.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12707034&dopt=Abstract



Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000 Nov 23;77(1-2):133-44.
Lymphocyte subsets in porcine tonsillar crypt epithelium.

Salles MW, Middleton DM.

Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Sask.S7N 5B4 Canada. monica.sallesask.ca

The palatine tonsils are part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), strategically located in the oropharynx at the entrance of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and are recognized portals of entry and sites of multiplication and persistence of several pathogens in pigs. As the tonsillar crypt epithelium is in close contact with external environment and the underlying lymphoid tissue, the characterization of the intra-epithelial lymphocyte subpopulations is essential for the understanding of initial steps of pathogenesis of several diseases. In this work we investigated specific lymphocyte subsets in the tonsillar crypt epithelium of 10 adult healthy pigs, using monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte markers CD3, CD4, CD8, gammadelta T cell receptor and immunoglobulin light-chain in an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique. The crypt epithelium was usually extensively infiltrated by a diverse population of T cells and by B cells. The degree of infiltration of each subset was variable among animals and within individual animals. In the T cell population CD4 cells and gammadelta TCR cells predominated over CD8 cells. These data suggest that the crypt lymphoepithelium is capable of participating in both cellular and humoral immune responses and that gammadelta T cells may play an important role in the defense of this mucosa.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11068071&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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