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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs

Microb Drug Resist. 2003 Spring;9(1):7-15.
VO1, a temperate bacteriophage of the type 19A multiresistant epidemic 8249 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae: analysis of variability of lytic and putative C5 methyltransferase genes.

Obregon V, Garcia P, Lopez R, Garcia JL.

Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain.

A temperate bacteriophage (VO1) has been isolated from the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F multiresistant epidemic 8249 strain (South African strain). Structural analysis of the specific integration site, protein composition, restriction patterns, and molecular dissection of the lytic system of this phage revealed high sequence similarity with MM1, a temperate phage from the Spain23F-1 strain of pneumococcus, another multiresistant epidemic clone. The different pneumococcal strains sequenced so far exhibit an identical and single attB located in the same site of the genome. Remarkably, the LytA amidase coded by VO1 showed clear differences with that of the host bacterium in contrast with the situation previously documented for bacterial- and phage-coded amidases of pneumococcus. In addition, a new gene (orfmet) putatively coding for a C5 methyltransferase has been identified. A noticeable variability affecting the presence (or absence) of this supernumerary gene(s) in the same region of the genomes of three otherwise highly similar phages (i.e., VO1, MM1, and HB-3) suggests frequent recombinational events leading to introduce variability in this genome region. The peculiarities of genes like lytA and orfmet in VO1 provide interesting insights on mechanisms of horizontal transfer and lysogenic state co-evolution.

PMID:_12705678 [PubMed - in process] Arch Intern Med. 2000 Dec 11-25;160(22):3385-91.
Temporal trends in outcomes of older patients with pneumonia.

Metersky ML, Tate JP, Fine MJ, Petrillo MK, Meehan TP.

Pulmonary Division, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-1225, USA. Meterskso.uchc.edu

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how outcomes of care for patients hospitalized for pneumonia have changed as patterns of health care delivery have changed during the 1990s. This study was performed to determine trends in outcomes of care for older patients hospitalized for pneumonia. METHODS: This retrospective analysis was based on Medicare claims and included most patients with pneumonia who were older than 65 years and admitted to acute care hospitals in Connecticut between October 1, 1991, and September 30, 1997 (fiscal years 1992-1997). We assessed the trends in hospital costs, discharge destination, hospital mortality rates, mortality rates within 30 days of discharge, and 30-day readmission rates for pneumonia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for differences in patient characteristics. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) length of stay declined from 11.9 + 11.4 days to 7.7 + 7.2 days between 1992 and 1997. During this period, adjusted in-hospital mortality rates declined (P =.02), while the adjusted risk of discharge to a nursing facility increased (P<.001) and the adjusted risk of hospital readmission for pneumonia within 30 days of discharge increased (P =.05). The adjusted risk of death 30 days after discharge increased, although the difference was not statistically significant (P =.09). CONCLUSIONS: Between 1992 and 1997, the adjusted risks of mortality after discharge, placement in a nursing facility, and hospital readmission for pneumonia increased among older patients hospitalized for pneumonia, in association with a decline in mean hospital length of stay. These findings raise the question of whether the declining hospital length of stay has negatively affected patient outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3385-3391.

PMID:_11112230 Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 15;1524(2-3):247-52.
Synthesis of [(14)C]pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in E. coli using genes for PQQ synthesis from K. pneumoniae.

Stites TE, Sih TR, Rucker RB.

Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Radiochemical forms of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) are of utility in studies to determine the metabolic role and fate of PQQ in biological systems. Accordingly, we have synthesized [(14)C]PQQ using a tyrosine auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli (AT2471). A construct containing the six genes required for PQQ synthesis from Klebsiella pneumoniae was used to transform the auxotrophic strain of E. coli. E. coli were then grown in minimal M9 medium containing 3.7x10(9) Bq/mmol [(14)C]tyrosine. At confluence, the medium was collected and applied to a DEAE A-25 anionic exchange column; [(14)C]PQQ was eluted using a KCl gradient (0-2 M in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0). Radioactivity co-eluting as PQQ was next pooled, acidified and passed through a C-18 column; [(14)C]PQQ was eluted with a phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0). Reverse phase HPLC (C-18) using either the ion-pairing agent trifluoroacetic acid (0. 1%) and an acetonitrile gradient or phosphoric acid and a methanol gradient were used to isolate [(14)C]PQQ. Fractions were collected and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. (14)C-labelled compounds isolated from the medium eluted corresponding to the elution of various tyrosine-derived products or PQQ. The radioactive compound corresponding to PQQ was also reacted with acetone to form 5-acetonyl-PQQ, which co-eluted with a 5-acetonyl-PQQ standard, as a validation of [(14)C]PQQ synthesis. The specific activity of synthesized [(14)C]PQQ was 3.7x10(9) Bq/mmol [(14)C]PQQ, equal to that of [U-(14)C]tyrosine initially added to the medium.

PMID:_11113574 Eur J Intern Med. 2000 Dec 20;11(6):334-339.
Differential diagnosis between community-acquired pneumonia and non-pneumonia diseases of the chest in the emergency ward.

Castro-Guardiola A, Armengou-Arxe A, Viejo-Rodriguez A, Penarroja-Matutano G, Garcia-Bragado F.

Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, 17007, Girona, Spain

Background: The differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia and some non-pneumonia diseases involving the chest may sometimes be cumbersome. Adding some objective variables to the diagnostic strategy may be helpful.We evaluated the main objective variables that are usually available in the emergency ward and that may be valuable in this differential diagnosis. Methods: We recorded epidemiological, clinical, and analytical data, as well as that obtained from physical examination, from 284 consecutive patients diagnosed in the emergency ward as having community-acquired pneumonia. The diagnosis was reviewed by the investigators applying pre-set diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was then performed comparing data from patients with a definitive diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia with those with a final diagnosis of non-pneumonia disease excluding acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Results: In the univariate analysis, C-reactive protein (difference of means 93 mg/l; 95% C.I. 47, 140), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (d.m. 19 mm/h; 95% C.I. 3, 35), leukocyte count (d.m. 3.5x10(9)/l; 95% C.I. 0.5, 6.4), and temperature (d.m. 0.5 degrees C; 95% C.I. 0.1, 0.9) discriminated between community-acquired pneumonia and non-pneumonia diseases. In the multivariate analysis, only C-reactive protein remained in the equation. Conclusions: C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocyte count, and temperature were measurable variables that proved to be useful in the differential diagnosis between community-acquired pneumonia and non-pneumonia diseases. C-reactive protein appears to be the most suitable for this purpose.

PMID:_11113658 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000 Dec;18(6):662-5.
Pulmonary complications after surgical treatment of lung cancer in octogenarians.

Aoki T, Yamato Y, Tsuchida M, Watanabe T, Hayashi J, Hirono T.

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, 951-8510, Niigata, Japan. taoked.niigata-u.ac.jp

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the risks associated with pulmonary resection for primary non-small cell lung cancer in octogenarians to help better management in these patients. METHODS: We reviewed the outcome in our 35 patients aged 80 years and older who underwent pulmonary resection between 1981 and 1998. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was 39.8%. The operative mortality rate was 0% and the morbidity 60%. There were ten major pulmonary complications, including respiratory insufficiency following bacterial pneumonia and sputum retention. Preoperative arterial pO(2) was significantly lower, A-aDO(2) was significantly higher, and operation time were significantly longer in patients with pulmonary complications after surgical treatment than in patients without complications (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment was not contraindicated for octogenarians with lung cancer. However, a relatively preoperative low arterial pO(2), high A-aDO(2), and long operation time may be risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in such patients. Surgeons must assess the preoperative data prudently to determine appropriate surgical strategy.

PMID:_11113672

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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