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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs



J Biotechnol. 2000 Sep 29;83(1-2):161-72.
Improved protection against lung colonization by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ghosts: characterization of a genetically inactivated vaccine.

Huter V, Hensel A, Brand E, Lubitz W.

Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Section for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.

Pigs immunized with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ghosts or a formalin-inactivated bacterin were found to be protected against clinical disease in both vaccination groups, whereas colonization of the lungs with A. pleuropneumoniae was only prevented in ghost-vaccinated pigs. Bacterial ghosts are empty cell envelopes created by the expression of a cloned bacteriophage lysis gene and, unlike formalin-inactivated bacteria, suffer no denaturing steps during their production. This quality may lead to a superior presentation of surface antigens to the immune system. Analysis by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting of the two vaccine preparations revealed different contents of antigenic proteins. In order to better understand the immunogenic properties of A. pleuropneumoniae ghosts and formalin-inactivated bacteria, we compared the serum antibody response induced in both treatment groups. Immune sera were tested on whole cell antigen or purified virulence factors including outer membrane protein preparations (OMPs), outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA1, transferrin binding proteins (TfbA1, TfbA7 and TfbB) and Apx toxins (ApxI, II and III). SDS-PAGE and immunoblots revealed no specific antibody response against the single virulence factors tested in any vaccinated animal. The two vaccination groups showed different recognition patterns of whole cell antigen and OMP-enriched preparations. A 100 kDa protein was recognized significantly stronger by ghost-vaccinated pigs than convalescent pigs. This unique antibody population induced by ghosts could play a determining role in the prevention of lung colonization. The same 100 kDa antigen was recognized by ghost-sera in homologous as well as heterologous serotype A. pleuropneumoniae protein preparations. Indications for a crossprotective potential in the ghost vaccine were supported by studies on rabbit hyperimmune sera.

PMID:_11000472 Vet Microbiol. 2000 Oct 20;76(4):329-41.
Antibody dynamics in BRSV-infected Danish dairy herds as determined by isotype-specific immunoglobulins.

Uttenthal A, Larsen LE, Philipsen JS, Tjornehoj K, Viuff B, Nielsen KH, Nielsen TK.

Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790, Copenhagen V, Denmark. aaetvirus.dk

Using specific ELISAs, antibody levels of four different isotypes to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were determined in calves, following experimental BRSV infection.Most calves experienced an increase in the specific IgM and IgG1 titres about 6-10 days after infection with BRSV. The IgM titre was transient showing positive titres for only 5-10 days, while specific IgG1 was present for a longer time. IgA was detected concomitantly with IgM but at a lower level. Production of IgG2 anti-BRSV antibodies was detected from 3 weeks after infection.In two closed herds, repeated blood samplings were performed on young stock to analyse maternal immunity. The passively transferred antibodies were mainly of the IgG1 isotype and the half-life of IgG1 to BRSV was estimated to be 26.6 days. One of the herds had an outbreak of enzootic pneumonia, diagnosed to be caused by BRSV. Furthermore, another herd with acute BRSV was followed by weekly blood samples in six calves; in both herds IgM and IgG1 was detected shortly after the appearance of clinical signs. Serum samples from 50 Danish dairy herds (453 samples) were tested for immunoglobulins of the isotypes IgG1, IgG2 and IgM. The presence of antibodies to BRSV was widespread and more than 54% of the samples had BRSV antibodies of both the IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes indicating a high herd prevalence to BRSV. Test samples from two herds out of 50 were free from all isotypes to BRSV.

PMID:_11000530 Vet Microbiol. 2000 Oct 20;76(4):385-94.
Comparison of bacterial cultivation, PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry as tools for diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus pneumonia in cattle.

Tegtmeier C, Angen O, Ahrens P.

Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 V, Copenhagen, Denmark.

The aim of the present study was to compare the potential of bacterial cultivation (BC), PCR, in situ hybridisation (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus, when applied to pneumonic bovine tissue. Lungs from 65 field cases submitted for bacteriological examination were included in the study. The PCR-detection was performed on three different samples: plate-PCR (detection on plate washes after incubation of lung tissue on agar plates); swab-PCR (direct detection on a swab from the cut surface); and, whenever possible, a bronchus-PCR (direct detection on a swab from the main bronchus of the right cranial lung lobe). In order to examine the pathological significance of the findings, a histopathological examination of the cases was performed. H. somnus was detected by one or more techniques in 33 cases in total. By BC the bacterium was isolated from 10 cases, IHC and ISH were positive in 17 and 19 cases, and plate- and swab-PCR were positive in 21 and 29 cases, respectively. The bronchus-PCR was positive in 30 out of 61 cases examined. The PCR-technique was the most sensitive method, and as this technique is fast and relatively inexpensive, it should be considered as a supplementary tool in the diagnosis of H. somnus induced calf pneumonia.

PMID:_11000534 Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 Sep;21(9):592-6.
Surveillance for nosocomial and central line-related infections among pediatric hematology-oncology patients.

Simon A, Fleischhack G, Hasan C, Bode U, Engelhart S, Kramer MH.

Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Bonn, Germany.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of all nosocomial infections (NIs) in pediatric hematology-oncology patients, as well as central venous access device (CVAD)-associated infections acquired during home care. DESIGN: Prospective surveillance study. SETTING: The Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department at the University Hospital Bonn. PATIENTS: All patients admitted from January through October 1998 (surveillance period). METHODS: Standardized surveillance system based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were hospitalized for 3,701 days (776 admissions) during the surveillance period. Of the 40 NIs detected, 26 were CVAD-related, with 21 bloodstream infections (BSIs) and 5 local infections. Four were Clostridium difficile-associated diarrheal illnesses, 3 were pneumonias, and 7 were other infections. The incidence of NIs was 10.8 per 1,000 patient-days (5.2 NIs/100 admissions). The overall CVAD-related BSI rate was 7.4 per 1,000 utilization days, without a significant difference between implanted infusion ports and tunneled catheters. In addition, 7 CVAD-related infections occurred during home care. All 8 BSIs associated with tunneled catheters and 13 (76%) of the 17 BSIs associated with ports were acquired nosocomially. For inpatients and outpatients combined, the exit sites of tunneled catheters were more likely to become locally infected than were the needle entry sites of ports (relative risk, 8.0; P=.007). In 30 (75%) of the 40 NIs, the affected patients had severe neutropenia (<500/mm3) at the time of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Most NIs in the pediatric hematology-oncology patients were associated with CVAD devices. Although many infections in this high-risk population may not be preventable through infection control measures, the careful evaluation of specific infection rates permits the identification of risk factors that may be targeted by infection control programs. Prospective surveillance for NIs on pediatric oncology units is an indispensable tool for this internal quality control.

PMID:_11001263 Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 Sep;21(9):597-9.
Investigation of an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia among hematology-oncology outpatients.

Penzak SR, Gubbins PO, Stratton SL, Anaissie EJ.

Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia (GNB). SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Hematology-oncology outpatients. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients developed GNB; 13 patients experienced more than one episode, and eight blood cultures grew more than one gram-negative organism. The most frequently isolated organisms were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Acinetobacter johnsonii. When the GNB patients (cases) were compared with randomly selected hematology-oncology patients (controls), central venous catheter (CVC) self-care (71% vs 39%; P=.02), and duration of recent hospital stay (median, 15 vs 4 days; P=.01) were identified as risk factors. In a logistic regression model, duration of recent hospital stay was the only risk factor significantly associated with GNB (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08; P<.02). CONCLUSIONS: Hematology-oncology patients providing their own CVC care who have recently been hospitalized for more than 2 weeks may be at increased risk of GNB. CVCs should be protected from possible environmental contamination in hematologyoncology patients. Patients providing their own CVC care should undergo continued rigorous education regarding proper CVC care.

PMID:_11001264





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Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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