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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs

Lab Invest. 2000 Sep;80(9):1385-97.
Lethal Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin infection in nitric oxide synthase 2-deficient mice: cell-mediated immunity requires nitric oxide synthase 2.

Garcia I, Guler R, Vesin D, Olleros ML, Vassalli P, Chvatchko Y, Jacobs M, Ryffel B.

Department of Pathology, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Garcimu.unige.ch

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) infection was investigated using nitric oxide synthase 2 (nos2)-deficient mice, because NO plays a pivotal protective role in M. tuberculosis infection. We demonstrate that nos2-deficient mice were unable to eliminate BCG and succumbed within 8 to 12 weeks to BCG infection (10(6) CFU) with cachexia and pneumonia, whereas all infected wild-type mice survived. The greatest mycobacterial loads were observed in lung and spleen. Nos2-deficient mice developed large granulomas consisting of macrophages and activated T cells and caseous necrotic lesions in spleen. The macrophages in granulomas from nos2-deficient mice had reduced acid phosphatase activities, suggesting that NO is required for macrophage activation. The absence of NOS2 affected the cytokine production of the Th1 type of immune response, except IL-18. Serum amounts of IL-12p40 were increased and IFN-gamma was decreased compared with wild-type mice. The lack of NOS2 resulted in an overproduction of TNF, observed throughout the infection period. Additionally, TNFR1 and TNFR2 shedding was altered compared with wild-type mice. Up-regulation of TNF may be compensatory for the lack of NOS2. The late neutralization of TNF by soluble TNF receptors resulted in heightened disease severity and accelerated death in nos2-deficient mice but had no effect in wild-type mice. In conclusion, the inability of nos2-deficient mice to kill M. bovis BCG resulted in an accumulation of mycobacteria with a dramatic activation of the immune system and overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which resulted in death.

PMID:_11005207 Can J Microbiol. 2000 Sep;46(9):832-40.
A physical and genetic map of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain J genome.

Blank WA, Stemke GW.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

A macrorestriction map of the genome of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain J, the type strain of the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, was constructed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and DNA hybridization. The size of the genome as determined by PFGE was approximately 1070 kb. Assembly of the M. hyopneumoniae genomic map was facilitated and complimented by the simultaneous construction of an ordered cosmid library. Five contigs of overlapping cosmids were assembled, which together represent coverage of approximately 728 kb. Forty-two genetic markers (including three types of repeated elements) were placed on the M. hyopneumoniae map. Closer examination of an ApaI restriction fragment contained entirely within a single cosmid insert suggests that the genome size may be overestimated by PFGE.

PMID:_11006844 Can J Microbiol. 2000 Sep;46(9):856-9.
Purification and characterization of a 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase from an anaerobic coculture.

Li T, Juteau P, Beaudet R, Lepine F, Villemur R, Bisaillon JG.

INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier-Microbiologie et Biotechnologie, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Canada.

The oxygen-sensitive 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (4OHB-DC) activity from a phenol-carboxylating coculture, consisting of Clostridium-like strain 6 and an unidentified strain 7, was studied. Assays done with cell extracts showed that the optimal pH was 5.0-6.5 and the Km was 5.4 mM. The activity decreased by 50% in the presence of 5 mM EDTA, and it was restored and even enhanced by the addition of Mg++, Mn++, Zn++, or Ca++. After purification, the molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated as 420 kDa by gel chromatography, and as 119 kDa by SDS-PAGE, suggesting a homotetrameric structure. Its pI was 5.6. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed 95% and 76% homology with the pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase (nifJ gene product) from Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The purified enzyme also slowly catalyzed the reverse reaction, that is the phenol carboxylation. These characteristics suggest that this enzyme is different from other known decarboxylases. This includes the 4OHB-DC from Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum, which is the only one that had been purified before.

PMID:_11006847 J Cardiovasc Risk. 2000 Jun;7(3):191-5.
Combined seropositivity for H. pylori and C. pneumoniae is associated with age, obesity and social factors.

Ekesbo R, Nilsson PM, Lindholm LH, Persson K, Wadstrom T.

Primary Health Care Centre, Dalby, Sweden. ekesbo.mevricwipnet.se

BACKGROUND: Manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been associated with chronic infection by Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae both in cross-sectional and in prospective follow-up cohort studies. This association may be partly due to an increase in metabolic risk factors for CVD, secondary to low-grade inflammation caused by infections. OBJECTIVE: To investigate for subjects classified according to serology titres for infection with C. pneumoniae and H. pylori associations between seropositivity and the degree of obesity and fasting insulin levels, as well as social factors. METHODS: Using methods based on those in earlier investigations of hypertensive patients in the Dalby primary-health-care district, southern Sweden, we investigated frozen samples from serum of 310 middle-aged treated hypertensives and 288 age-matched and sex-matched normotensive controls from a defined population. The baseline examination included the measurement of weight, height and blood pressure as a mean of two office readings with the subject supine. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2. Fasting blood samples were drawn for measurements of levels of serum lipids, blood glucose, plasma insulin and serum lipids, including total cholesterol and triglycerides. The serology titres for H. pylori were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The titres for C. pneumoniae were determined by a micro-immunofluorescence method. Self-reported factors concerning social and lifestyle backgrounds were recorded. RESULTS: The group (n = 245) of subjects with combined positive serology for H. pylori and C. pneumoniae differed from the group without any positive serology (n = 57) in age (61.6 versus 57.4 years, P < 0.05) and BMI (27.3 versus 25.8 kg/m2, P < 0.05). The seropositive group also differed in terms of fasting levels of insulin (12.7 versus 11.6 pmol/l, P < 0.05), but this difference did not remain significant after adjustment for age and BMI. We detected no intergroup difference in blood pressure and levels of glucose and lipids. Members of the group with combined seropositivity reported having a lower social-class position (educational level) than that of members of the seronegative group. CONCLUSION: Subjects with combined positive serology for H. pylori and C. pneumoniae are characterized by greater age, lower social class and higher BMI, as well as higher fasting levels of insulin than those of seronegative subjects. Obesity might be a marker not only for lower social class but also for greater than normal susceptibility to such infections.

PMID:_11006888 J Cardiovasc Risk. 2000 Jun;7(3):209-13.
High prevalence of seropositivity for antibodies to Chlamydia-specific lipopolysaccharide in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Shimada K, Mokuno H, Watanabe Y, Sawano M, Daida H, Yamaguchi H.

Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. shimakaed.juntendo.ac.jp

BACKGROUND: Results of recent studies have demonstrated that there is an association between infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease (CAD). Inflammatory response caused by chlamydial infection has been considered to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the specific relations between chlamydial infection and coronary events in patients with CAD. METHODS: We measured serum levels of immunoglobulin A and G antibodies against Chlamydia spp.-specific lipopolysaccharide in 155 patients with CAD and 60 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CAD patients were divided into groups of the patients with acute coronary syndrome [(ACS), n = 35], old myocardial infarction [(OMI), n = 60] and chronic coronary heart disease [(CCHD), n = 60]. RESULTS: Prevalence of both seropositive antibodies in the control group and CCHD group were not different. In contrast, in ACS group there were significantly higher prevalences of seropositive immunoglobulin A (46 versus 12%, P = 0.0001) and G (74 versus 45%, P = 0.005) antibodies and in OMI group there was a significantly higher prevalence of seropositive immunoglobulin A antibodies (28 versus 12%, P = 0.02). Furthermore, compared with CCHD group, in ACS group there were significantly higher prevalences of seropositive immunoglobulin A (P = 0.00006) and G (P = 0.002) antibodies and in OMI group there was a higher prevalence of seropositive immunoglobulin A (P = 0.01). Adjustment for confounding factors did not change these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with Chlamydia is significantly associated with ACS and OMI, but not with CCHD. These findings suggest that chronic and reactive infection with Chlamydia can lead to disruption of vulnerable plaque in patients with ACS.

PMID:_11006891

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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