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Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Dec;252(6):268-77.
Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizotypal disorder.

Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Kawasaki Y, Kurokawa K, Hagino H, Yamashita I, Zhou SY, Nohara S, Nakamura K, Seto H, Kurachi M.

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. tsutoms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp

Lack of normal structural asymmetry of the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) in patients with schizophrenia has been reported in our previous study. However, to our knowledge, no morphological studies of the brain have examined changes in ACG volume in patients with schizotypal features. We investigated the volume of the gray matter and the white matter of the ACG by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 24 patients who met the ICD-10 criteria for schizotypal disorder (12 males, 12 females) in comparison with 48 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects (24 males, 24 females) and 40 patients with schizophrenia (20 males, 20 females). As we reported previously, right ACG gray matter volume was significantly reduced in the female patients with schizophrenia compared with the female controls. On the other hand, the gray and white matter volume of the ACG in the patients with schizotypal disorder did not differ significantly from the values in the healthy controls or the patients with schizophrenia. However, the female patients with schizotypal disorder showed a lack of right-greater-than-left asymmetry of the ACG gray and white matter found in the female controls. These results suggest that both schizotypal and schizophrenic subjects share, at least in part, the same cerebral asymmetry abnormalities.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12563535&dopt=Abstract

J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002 Dec;27(6):441-51.
Patient characteristics and prescription patterns of atypical antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia.

Ren XS, Kazis LE, Lee AF, Hamed A, Huang YH, Cunningham F, Miller DR.

Health Outcomes Technologies, Health Services Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. xsreu.edu

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia, one of the leading causes of disability, contributes substantially to the use of medical and mental health services. The treatment of schizophrenia is therefore particularly important to reduce deficits across a large number of neurocognitive domains. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prescription (e.g. initiation and switching) patterns of atypical antipsychotic agents and examine the extent to which patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are associated with the prescription patterns of atypical antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Using unique data sources from the Veterans Health Administration (VA), the study identified 89 107 patients with schizophrenia based on at least one inpatient or more than or equal to two outpatients' ICD-9-CM codes (> or =7 days apart). We defined a prior 6-month (1/1/99 to 6/30/99) and a post 6-month (7/1/99 to 12/31/99) period to describe patterns of initiation and switching of atypical antipsychotics. RESULTS: Only a small number of patients were on clozapine (1.8%) and quetiapine (1.4%). More patients were prescribed olanzapine (23%) than risperidone (20%) (P < 0.001). Compared with patients who were on risperidone, those who were on olanzapine were younger (P < 0.001), more likely Hispanic (P < 0.001), more likely married (P < 0.05), had more service-connected disability (P < 0.001), had fewer numbers of physical comorbidities (P < 0.001), and a lower body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Olanzapine and risperidone appear to be prescribed to patients with different sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Future research needs to explore the reasons for those differences.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12472984&dopt=Abstract

J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;22(4):424-6.
Pronounced early increase in circulating leptin predicts a lower weight gain during clozapine treatment.

Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, La Pia S, Maj M.

Institute of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy. monterin.it

Weight gain is a widely reported side effect of clozapine, but no predictive factor has been identified so far. We investigated whether pretreatment values of circulating leptin or its early changes during clozapine administration could predict the long-term weight gain induced by the drug. Body weight and plasma levels of leptin were prospectively measured in 22 patients (13 men and 9 women) with drug-resistant schizophrenia undergoing a long-term treatment with clozapine. At the end of the second week of clozapine administration, circulating leptin increased much more than weight gain, and this increase was inversely correlated to body weight increase observed after 6 and 8 months of treatment. These findings suggest that early changes in leptin secretion may predict long-term weight gain in the course of clozapine administration.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12172344&dopt=Abstract

J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 15;22(16):7272-80.
Ciproxifan, a histamine H3-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, potentiates neurochemical and behavioral effects of haloperidol in the rat.

Pillot C, Ortiz J, Heron A, Ridray S, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM.

Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France.

By using double in situ hybridization performed with proenkephalin and H3-receptor riboprobes on the same sections from rat brain, we show that histamine H3 receptors are expressed within striatopallidal neurons of the indirect movement pathway. The majority ( approximately 70%) of striatal enkephalin neurons express H3-receptor mRNAs. This important degree of coexpression of proenkephalin and H3-receptor mRNAs prompted us to explore the effect of H3-receptor ligands on the regulation of enkephalin mRNA expression in the striatum. Acute administration of ciproxifan, a H3-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, did not modify the expression of the neuropeptide by itself but strongly increased the upregulation of its expression induced by haloperidol. This potentiation (1) was suppressed by the administration of (R)-alpha-methylhistamine, a H3-receptor agonist, (2) occurred both in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens, and (3) was also observed with a similar pattern on c-fos and neurotensin mRNA expression. Similarly, whereas it was devoid of any motor effect when used alone, ciproxifan strongly potentiated haloperidol-induced locomotor hypoactivity and catalepsy, two behaviors in which striatal neurons are involved. The strong H3-receptor mRNA expression in enkephalin neurons suggests that the synergistic neurochemical and motor effects of ciproxifan and haloperidol result from direct H3/D2-receptor interactions, leading to an enhanced activation of striatopallidal neurons of the indirect movement pathway. The potentiation of the effects of haloperidol by ciproxifan strengthens the potential interest of H3-receptor antagonists/inverse agonists to improve the symptomatic treatment of schizophrenia.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12177222&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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