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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1 || Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs





J Cell Sci. 2002 Jun 1;115(Pt 11):2381-8.
Intestinal stem cells protect their genome by selective segregation of template DNA strands.

Potten CS, Owen G, Booth D.

Epithelial Biology Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M9 4BX, UK. pottepistem.co.uk

The stem cells in the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa divide about a thousand times during the lifespan of a laboratory mouse, and yet they show little evidence of any decline in proliferative potential and rarely develop carcinogenic mutations, suggesting that their genome is extremely well protected. Protection against DNA-replication-induced errors can be achieved by the selective sorting of old (template) and new DNA strands with all template strands retained in the stem cell line. The template strands in the stem cells can be labelled during development or during tissue regeneration using tritiated thymidine ((3)HTdR). Labelling newly synthesised strands with a different marker (bromodeoxyuridine, BrdUrd) allows segregation of the two markers to be studied. Template strand label is retained ((3)HTdR), whereas label in the newly synthesised strands (BrdUrd) is lost following the second division of the stem cell. Random errors may occur in the template strands owing to environmental elements. These are protected against by the altruistic cell suicide (apoptosis) of the cells incurring such errors. A final level of protection for the tissue compensates for excessive deletion of stem cells via the apoptosis pathway. This is achieved by a hierarchical age structure in the stem cell compartment, with some cells being able to efficiently repair DNA damage and hence being more radioresistant. The presence of these protective mechanisms ensures that the small intestine rarely develops cancer and that stem cells can sustain the extensive cell proliferation needed during life.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12006622&dopt=Abstract



Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2002 May-Jun;5(3):269-75.
Utility of WT1 as a reliable tool for the detection of minimal residual disease in children with leukemia.

Kletzel M, Olzewski M, Huang W, Chou PM.

Department of Pediatrics, The Stem Cell Transplant Program, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Box 30, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.

WT1 encodes a transcription factor involved in the pathogenesis of Wilms' tumor. A high level of expression has been reported in blasts from patients with various hematological malignancies. The study was performed to evaluate the utility of monitoring WT1 expression in children with leukemia at diagnosis, during therapy, and following bone marrow transplant. We tested a total of 204 samples prospectively. These included samples from patients with the following diagnoses: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis (n = 45), at relapse (n = 14), and in remission (n = 45); acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) at diagnosis (n = 14), at relapse (n = 5), and in remission (n = 12); and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis (n = 1) and in chronic phase (n = 1). A total of 33 of these patients were transplanted: 19 ALL, 12 ANLL, and 2 CML. In addition, samples from 5 patients with aplastic anemia and 28 controls were obtained from peripheral blood (n = 17), cord blood (n = 3), and bone marrow (n = 8). Primer pairs were designed to locate specific nucleotide sequences for mRNA of WT1. RT-PCR was performed in all samples and compared with K562 cells from ATCC (defined as 1.0) as positive control. A positive test was arbitrarily defined as WT1/K562 > 0.5. Samples at diagnosis and relapse, including 56 out of 59 ALL (95%), 26 ANLL (100%), and 1 CML in blast crisis, demonstrated high levels of WT1 expression. In contrast, only 5 of 90 samples obtained in remission or post-transplant showed high levels of WT1 expression ( P < 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.66-0.94). The five patients with high WT1 expression during follow-up relapsed within 2 to 6 months. In conclusion, we have found that WT1 is consistently elevated in children with leukemia. Significant differences in the level of WT1 expression were noted between these patients during diagnosis and at relapse, and those during remission. More importantly, following bone marrow transplant, a significant high level of WT1 expression preceded clinical relapse by 2 to 6 months. Therefore, WT1 is a reliable marker for monitoring minimal residual disease during therapy as well as in the post-transplant period.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12007019&dopt=Abstract



Psychiatry Res. 2002 May 15;110(1):19-25.
Polymorphism of CTLA-4 gene at position 49 of exon 1 may be associated with schizophrenia in the Korean population.

Jun TY, Pae CU, Chae JH, Bahk WM, Kim KS, Han H.

Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 62 Youido-Dong, Youngdeungpo-Gu, Seoul, 150-713, South Korea.

This study was carried out to investigate the association of a polymorphism of the CTLA-4 gene, at position 49 of exon 1, with schizophrenia in the Korean population. Among Korean patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV, 116 patients who met the selection criteria were recruited for the study. One hundred and forty-nine normal healthy Koreans from the Catholic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Information Bank, were used as a normal control group. DNA was extracted from whole blood using proteinase K and the CTLA-4 gene region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Geneo typing was performed by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The genotype and allele distribution in patients with schizophrenia was significantly different from that seen in the control group. This study suggests a putative role of the CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position 49 of exon 1 for schizophrenia in the Korean population, although the detailed mechanisms remained to be elucidated.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12007590&dopt=Abstract



Endocr J. 2002 Feb;49(1):41-7.
A case of macroprolactinoma with subclinical growth hormone production.

Kageyama K, Nigawara T, Kamata Y, Takahashi T, Anzai J, Suzuki S, Osamura YR, Suda T.

Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan.

We describe a rare case of macroprolactinoma with subclinically synchronous growth hormone (GH) production. A 59-year-old man with a giant adenoma in his pituitary had elevated serum prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels, despite normal levels of basal GH. Serum GH levels were paradoxically increased in response to an intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Prolonged exposure to glucose as a result of oral glucose tolerance testing (oGTT) failed to decrease GH levels. Two-week treatment with cabergoline, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, decreased serum PRL and GH levels, and size of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed PRL-producing cells capable of synchronous GH production. Acidophilic stem cell adenoma may be responsible for these phenomena. The nature of high proliferation and invasive tumor growth should be kept in mind when managing patients with this cell type of adenoma. IGF-I levels should be followed in PRLoma, even when basal GH levels are within the normal range, because mixed PRL- and GH-producing tumors would lie underneath. Further endocrinological examinations such as TRH test and oGTT are recommended when elevated IGF-I levels are detected.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12008749&dopt=Abstract



Exp Neurol. 2002 May;175(1):98-111.
The potential for circuit reconstruction by expanded neural precursor cells explored through porcine xenografts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Armstrong RJ, Hurelbrink CB, Tyers P, Ratcliffe EL, Richards A, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE, Barker RA.

Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, United Kingdom.

Neural precursors with the properties of neural stem cells can be isolated from the developing brain, can be expanded in culture, and have been suggested as a potential source of cells for neuronal replacement therapies in degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Under such conditions an improved spectrum of functional benefit may be obtained through homotypic reconstruction of degenerated neural circuitry, and to this end we have investigated the potential of expanded neural precursor cells (ENPs) to form long axonal projections following transplantation in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD. ENPs have been isolated from the embryonic pig, since implantation in a xenograft environment is thought to favor axonal growth. These porcine ENPs possessed similar properties in vitro to those described in other species: they proliferated in response to epidermal and fibroblast growth factor-2, expressed the neuroepithelial marker nestin, and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and occasional oligodendrocytes on mitogen withdrawal. The use of pig-specific markers following xenotransplantion into cyclosporin A-immunosuppressed rats revealed that many cells differentiated into neurons and displayed extensive axogenesis, such that when placed in the region of the substantia nigra fibers projected throughout the striatal neuropil. These neurons were not restricted in the targets to which they could project since following intrastriatal grafting fibers were seen in the normal striatal targets of the pallidum and substantia nigra. Staining for a pig-specific synaptic marker suggested that synapses were formed in these distant sites. A small number of these cells differentiated spontaneously to express a catecholaminergic phenotype, but were insufficient to mediate behavioral recovery. Our results suggest that when the efficiency of neurochemical phenotype induction is increased, ENP-derived neurons have the potential to be a uniquely flexible source of cells for therapeutic cell replacement where anatomical reconstruction is advantageous. 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12009763&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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