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Colon cleansing, Laxative for constipation relief, laxative, and colon cleansing||ViaVita, Lecithin for healthy liver
Interferon research abs 1 ||
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Constipation research abs ||
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hair research abs ||
hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Jan;50(1):55-61.
Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and cognitive function in older women.
Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E.
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
OBJECTIVES: It has been proposed that estrogen deficiency is a cause of memory loss in postmenopausal women. Bilateral oophorectomy leads to an abrupt decrease in gonadal hormone levels including testosterone. Hysterectomy with ovarian conservation may also lead to a decline in ovarian hormones. This study examines the effects of hysterectomy and oophorectomy on cognitive function in a large sample of older, postmenopausal women with and without current estrogen replacement therapy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Community-based sample in Southern California. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 885 postmenopausal women aged 60 to 89 who were initially enrolled in the Rancho Bernardo Study between 1972 and 1974 and had a follow-up clinic visit in 1988-91. All were Caucasian, middle to upper-middle class, relatively well educated, and ambulatory. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed 12 standardized tests of cognitive function in 1988-91. Hysterectomy and oophorectomy status were assessed and use of estrogen therapy was also ascertained and validated. RESULTS: Of the 885 women, whose mean age +/- standard deviation was 74.3 +/- 7.5, 225 reported having had a hysterectomy with conservation of one or both ovaries and 190 reported having a hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. Current estrogen use was reported by 35.4%. Among women not using estrogen, there were no significant differences on mean cognitive function scores by hysterectomy and oophorectomy status. Among current estrogen users, after adjustment for age, education, age at menopause, and past estrogen use, those with a hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy performed significantly less well on serial sevens and Trails B. These differences, although statistically significant, were small and unlikely to be of clinical significance. No differences in cognitive function were observed between women who had a hysterectomy with ovarian conservation and intact women. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that, overall, there are no long-term effects of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy on cognitive function and does not support the thesis that estrogen deficiency is associated with poor cognitive function in postmenopausal women.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12028247&dopt=Abstract
Arch Toxicol. 2002 May;76(4):194-202. Epub 2002 Apr 04.
Sensitive detection of the endocrine effects of the estrogen analogue ethinylestradiol using a modified enhanced subacute rat study protocol (OECD Test Guideline no. 407).
Andrews P, Freyberger A, Hartmann E, Eiben R, Loof I, Schmidt U, Temerowski M, Folkerts A, Stahl B, Kayser M.
Bayer AG, PH PD Toxicology, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany. peter.andrews.payer-ag.de
Groups of five male and female Wistar rats were treated by gavage with 0, 0.01, 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg body weight of the known synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol for 28-32 days according to a modified enhanced OECD Test Guideline no. 407 in order to investigate which of the current and/or additional parameters would detect effects on the endocrine system reliably and sensitively and to provide data on intra-laboratory variability. Two identical studies (A and B) were run concurrently. The modified enhanced protocol requests the additional determination of triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), of the stage of the estrous cycle to ensure necropsy of all females in diestrus, of the number and morphology of cauda epididymal spermatozoa, and of additional organ weights (ovaries, uterus, thyroid, and male accessory reproductive organs), and histopathology of additional organs (pituitary, epididymides, coagulation glands, pancreas, and vagina). There were no treatment-related mortalities, clinical signs or changes in behavioral parameters. In male rats, 0.2 mg/kg was the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) resulting in reduced body weight gain. The only treatment-related alteration in hematological parameter was prolonged blood clotting time in high-dose females of both studies. Changes in clinical chemistry observed in study A were elevated alkaline phosphatase activity (high-dose females) and triglyceride levels (mid- and high-dose females and high-dose males). Changes in thyroid hormones and TSH of treated animals showed high variability with no clear dose-dependency, and could not be clearly related to estrogenic activity. In accordance to a suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, decreased relative organ weights of the male accessory reproductive organs were obtained in both studies at the high dose. Corresponding histological changes were degeneration of the testicular germinal epithelium and atrophy of Leydig cells and of all accessory sex glands. Atrophy of the coagulating gland (study A) and seminal vesicles (study B) was also seen at 0.05 mg/kg. A marked increase in relative adrenal weight in male rats, accompanied by decreased vacuolization of zona fasciculata cells observed in both studies at the high dose seems to reflect an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The male mammary gland was sensitively affected. Increased numbers of small basophilic over large acidophilic cells indicated an estrogen-mediated feminisation and were detected at the low (study A) or mid dose (study B). Co-mitogenic properties of estrogens in rat liver were reflected by increased relative liver weights in females at the mid and high dose of study A and also at the high dose in study B. No treatment-related changes in endocrine organ weights were observed in treated females. Histological changes in the ovaries were increased numbers of apoptotic corpora lutea (from mid dose, study B) and of early stage follicles at the high dose in both studies. Classical direct estrogenic effects on the uterus, i.e. an increased height of luminal and glandular epithelium and increased granulocytic infiltration of the endometrium, were observed even at the low dose in both studies. Uterine findings occurring with a greater variability were dilation, squamous metaplasia of glands and thickened walls. Although females were necropsied in diestrus, as diagnosed by vaginal cytology, typical signs of estrogenic action in the vagina such as keratinization (indicative of estrus in normally cycling rats), mucification (indicative of proestrus), or thickened epithelia were observed in both studies even at the lowest dose. This unexpected discrepancy between vaginal cytology and vaginal and uterine morphology of treated females was considered to be treatment-related as it was not observed in the controls. Studies on liver enzymes that were performed outside the scope of the enhanced protocol showed that ethinylestradiol at 0.2 mg/kg decreased the activity of the sex-specific testosterone-dependent liver enzyme CYP2C11 in male rats. A simulation of doubling group size (to ten animals) by combining both studies did not increase the sensitivity of detection of endocrine-mediated effects above the level already obtained by histopathological examination of groups containing five animals. Only some of the enhancements to the current OECD Test Guideline no. 407 evaluated in this study (additional organs weights and additional histopathological investigations) were helpful in detecting the endocrine-mediated effects of ethinylestradiol, while other enhancements did not contribute towards this aim. Spermatology was completely insensitive at the MTD and measurement of thyroid hormones and TSH did not contribute to increased sensitivity. Vaginal cytology appeared to be an unreliable procedure for estrous cycle staging in estrogen-treated animals. Ongoing investigations, according to the modified version of the enhanced OECD Test Guideline no. 407 protocol, into the interference of ten compounds with the endocrine system by different mechanisms will result in the identification of the most appropriate enhancements.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12029382&dopt=Abstract
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;126(2):183-9.
Bisphenol A affects endocrine physiology and biotransformation enzyme activities of the field vole (Microtus agrestis).
Nieminen P, Lindstrom-Seppa P, Mustonen AM, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Kukkonen JV.
Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental estrogen, was given subcutaneously for 4 days to 48 field voles at three doses (10, 50, or 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Plasma sex steroids, thyroxine, weight-regulatory hormones, and liver biotransformation enzymes were determined. There was no mortality in the control group but the mortality in the BPA-exposed animals was significant. BPA increased the plasma testosterone concentrations at 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The plasma ghrelin levels measured from pooled plasma increased and at the same time the leptin levels measured from pooled plasma decreased at 50 or 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The liver 7-ethoxyrufin-o-deethylase activity decreased slightly at all doses, as did the liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity at 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The results show that wild mammals such as the field vole could be more susceptible to BPA than laboratory rodents. More studies on wild mammals are needed to determine the risks of endocrine disruptors in natural ecosystems. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12030774&dopt=Abstract
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;126(2):190-9.
Testosterone metabolism in the estuarine mysid neomysis integer (Crustacea; Mysidacea): identification of testosterone metabolites and endogenous vertebrate-type steroids.
Verslycke T, De Wasch K, De Brabander HF, Janssen CR.
Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. tim.verslyckug.ac.be
Testosterone metabolism by Neomysis integer (Crustacea; Mysidacea) was assessed to obtain initial data on its metabolic capacity. N. integer were exposed to both testosterone and [(14)C]testosterone. Identification of testosterone metabolites and endogenous steroids was performed using thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography with multiple mass spectrometry. Endogenous production of testosterone in mysids was detected for the first time. N. integer were exposed to testosterone and metabolized administered testosterone extensively. At least 11 polar testosterone metabolites (R(f,metabolite) < R(f,testosterone)), androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone were produced in vivo by N. integer. A sex-specific testosterone metabolism was also observed, although this observation requires further confirmation. The anabolic steroid beta-boldenone was also identified for the first time in invertebrates. The metabolic pathway leading to the formation of beta-boldenone remains unknown, since the steroidal precursor androstadienedione could not be detected. These results reveal interesting similarities in enzyme systems in invertebrate and vertebrate species. Alterations in steroid hormone metabolism may be used as a new biomarker for the effects of endocrine disruptors in invertebrates. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12030775&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands.
DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones)
or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.
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Lutein ||
Progesterone Cream ||
Natural herbal formula for hair loss problems ||