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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references
Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002;103(2):59-69.
The circalunar cycle of salivary testosterone and the visual-spatial performance.
Celec P, Ostatnikova D, Putz Z, Kudela M.
Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany. peterceleotmail.com
BACKGROUND: A circalunar cycle is thought to be female sex specific. Results of studies observing the relationship of testosterone and spatial abilities are controversial. OBJECTIVE: To describe the infradian variations of testosterone and the correlations between salivary testosterone levels and spatial abilities in young healthy volunteers of both sexes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Testosterone levels in saliva were determined in 53 young adult male and female subjects (mean age--20.89 +/- 0.91 years). The samples of saliva were collected either once (22 subjects) or daily during a period of 30 days (31 subjects). Salivary testosterone was analyzed by RIA. Both groups of subjects were tested on their visual-spatial performance (mental rotation and spatial visualization). All important data about the menstrual cycle of female subjects were also collected. This data and the results of the visual-spatial tests as well as the circalunar cycle in their relationship to the testosterone levels were analyzed. RESULTS: In this study a circalunar rhythm of testosterone related to the menstrual cycle with a maximum peak in the periovulatory phase was confirmed in women and an analogical circalunar cycle in men was described. A positive correlation of the salivary testosterone levels and the performance in visual-spatial tests in women and a negative dependence in men was found. The outcomes showed a significant statistical difference between the results of the test during the high-testosterone and the low-testosterone phase in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of testosterone between the high female and low male range seem to be associated with the best spatial ability performance in adults. A male circalunar rhythm similar to the female one is very likely. Recognizing of the infradian fluctuations in women as in men should have many various clinical implications. (Tab. 2, Fig. 7, Ref. 143.)
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12061023&dopt=Abstract
Dev Ophthalmol. 2002;35:161-8.
Steroid-induced cataract: other than in the whole animal system, in the lens culture system, androgens, estrogens and progestins as well as glucocorticoids produce a loss of transparency of the lens.
Kosano H, Nishigori H.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagami-ko, Tsukui-gun, Kanagawa, Japan.
PURPOSE: To investigate the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced cataract formation, the lenses of chick embryos were cultured with androgen, estrogen and mineralocorticoid as well as glucocorticoids. The incidence of loss of transparency induced by these steroids in the culture system and the whole body system was compared. METHODS: In the culture system, clear lenses obtained from 16-day-old chick embryos were treated with various concentrations of steroid hormones for 48 h at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. In the whole body system, these steroids dissolved in 5% acetone in water were administered to 15-day-old embryos and the lenses were isolated and visually classified on day 17. RESULTS: When 0.25 mumol of steroids were administered to 15-day-old chick embryos, only biologically active glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone and prednisolone could cause cataract. Dexamethasone is approximately 25-fold stronger than hydrocortisone and prednisolone. Methyltestosterone as an androgen, estradiol and ethinylestradiol as estrogen, progesterone and 19-nor-ethisterone as progestin did not induce cataract formation. In the whole body system, the cataracts were caused with a dependence on the biological activity of glucocorticoids. However, other than in the whole body system, when the isolated chick lenses were cultured in the dishes, they could become opaque in the presence of testosterone, estradiol and aldosterone as well as dexamethasone and hydrocortisone at a similar dose (over 3 x 10(-5) M). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the loss of transparency of cultured lens can be induced independently from biological activities of steroids. Glucocorticoids have various physiological and pharmacological activities in the living system. We assume that the steroid-induced cataract is one of the adverse effects caused by synergic biological activities of glucocorticoids.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12061274&dopt=Abstract
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jun 21;294(4):779-84.
Stabilization of androgen receptor protein is induced by agonist, not by antagonists.
Furutani T, Watanabe T, Tanimoto K, Hashimoto T, Koutoku H, Kudoh M, Shimizu Y, Kato S, Shikama H.
Metabolic Diseases Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba 305-8585, Japan.
The action of nuclear receptor ligands in target tissues is specified mainly by the expression levels of their cognate nuclear receptors. The expression levels of these receptors are controlled through transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Among post-transcriptional events, the effect of ligand on nuclear receptor protein turnover still remains largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the effects of agonist and antagonists on the turnover of the human androgen receptor (hAR) protein in stably transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing exogenous hAR. Western blot analysis showed that the most potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), stabilizes hAR with the induction of the transactivation function of hAR. However, this androgen-induced stabilization of hAR protein was abrogated by well-known androgen antagonists, hydroxyflutamide and bicalutamide (BIC), with inhibition of the transactivation function of hAR. Thus, the present study suggests that androgen antagonists exert their effects through, at least in part, abrogating the agonist-induced stabilization of hAR protein as well as blocking the ligand-induced transactivation function of hAR. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12061774&dopt=Abstract
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jun 21;294(4):864-71.
Establishment and characterization of immortal hepatocytes derived from various transgenic mouse lines.
Klocke R, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Ehrhardt A, Mendoza-Figueroa T, Donato MT, Lopez-Revilla R, Castell JV, Paul D.
Department of Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hannover, Germany. rainer.klockngenium-ag.com
The potential of three genetic changes introduced into mice by the transgenic or knockout technology aimed at immortalizing hepatocytes in vitro and concomitantly preserving their differentiated hepatic functions was analyzed. Six hepatocyte lines were isolated from neonatal and adult transgenic mice expressing either IgEGF (a secretable variant of hEGF) or SV40 T antigen in the liver and from neonatal and adult p53 knockout (KO) mice and have been subcultured >150 times in serum-free, arginine-deficient medium. Only in SV40 T antigen transgenic lines profiles of mRNAs encoding serum proteins, transcription factors, and liver-specific enzymes were similar to those found in livers and primary hepatocytes. Accordingly, these cells displayed basal and inducible expression of CYP proteins as well as testosterone metabolizing activities. Thus, either knockout of the p53 gene or expression of SV40 T antigen or of IgEGF imparts immortality to hepatocytes in vitro, but only SV40 T antigen expression is compatible with the concomitant long-term preservation of differentiated liver functions. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12061787&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands.
DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones)
or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.
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