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Biomed Sci Instrum. 2002;38:15-20.
Cytopathological changes in early stages of benign prostatic hyperplasia upon exposure to sustained delivery of androgens.

Pollan MC, Benghuzzi HA, Tucci M.

University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Health Related Professions, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

The objective of this study was to assess the possible morphological changes that occur in the columnar epithelial cells of the prostate peripheral zone during early development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this study benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was encouraged by the continuous delivery of androgens using TCPL drug delivery devices. A total of 16 adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 4). Group 1 served as an intact control and Groups 2-4 were implanted with tricalcium phosphate lysine (TCPL) capsules designed to deliver continuous physiologic (40 mg) doses of specific androgens as follows: Group 2, testosterone (Test); Group 3, dihydrotestosterone (DHT); Group 4, androstenedione (AED), respectively. Upon completion of the study, the columnar epithelial cells were targeted for morphometric analysis. The means number of cells per high power field, cell length, cell area, nuclear area and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio were measured using image analysis techniques. The results of this study showed that (1) the number of cells per high power field were not changed with treatment, (2) the cell length was decreased with treatment of all androgens, (3) the cell area was decreased with treatment, (4) the nuclear area was increased with treatment of Test and DHT, and (5) the N/C ratio was increased with all three androgens. These results suggest that very early in the development of BPH, remarkable changes occur in the nucleus of the columnar epithelial cells. These changes may indicate a specific physiological response to irritation arising from the continuous delivery of androgens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12085593&dopt=Abstract

Biomed Sci Instrum. 2002;38:191-6.
Interrelationship between sex steroid hormones and cardiovascular disease using MRC-5 cell line as a model.

Tardy FM, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M.

Clinical Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Health Related Professions, Departments of Pathology and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.

Increasing evidence reveals that low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and gender are significant risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The long-term objective of this investigation is to determine the possible relationship between sex hormones, LDL, and the development of CVD. The specific aims of this investigation include: (1) to evaluate the effect of estrogen (E) and testosterone (T) on the proliferation of MRC-5 cells, (2) to investigate the role of E and T on the viability of MRC-5 cells exposed to physiological and supraphysiological levels of LDL, and (3) to evaluate the morphological changes associated with E, T, and LDL, alone or in combination, on MRC-5 cells. Proliferation rates, biochemical marker analysis, and morphological evaluations were performed following standard laboratory procedures. The results of the investigation revealed that physiological and supraphysiological levels of LDL, alone, or in combination with E and T, induced significant changes in the functional and structural capacities of MRC-5 fibroblasts throughout the experimental phases (24, 48, and 72 hours) in comparison to the control groups. MRC-5 cells exposed to T and LDL resulted in increased proliferation rates and remarkable cellular damage. In contrast, E exposure induced decreased levels of MDA compared to T exposure. Results from this investigation suggest the development of collagen matrix post cardiovascular necrosis can be attributed to the presence of T. This response could be triggered directly at the fibroblast level or by altering the physiochemical characteristics of LDL.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12085600&dopt=Abstract

Biomed Sci Instrum. 2002;38:95-100.
Localization of cytokines in heart ventricular and apex tissues exposed to sustained delivery of AED, T, and DHT using a rat model.

Credit SL, Benghuzzi HA, Tucci M, Farah I, Cameron JA.

University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

Studies have shown that endogenous estrogen minimized cellular injury at the organ level; however, very little research was done to determine the effects of endogenous androgens such as Testosterone (T), Dihydrotestosterone, (DHT), and Androstenedione (AED) on the cardiovascular system at the cellular level Studies targeted at establishing such effects will broaden our understanding of the roles played by these male steroid hormones on the cardiovascular system. Our objective therefore was to (1) Use a Rat model and sustained delivery of physiological levels of these hormones to (1) evaluate pathophysiological effects on the cardiovascular system; and (2) localized cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF on these tissues. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were included in the study. Group 1 animals served as control, groups II, III, and IV were treated with TCPL drug delivery devices containing 40 mg each of T, DHT, and AED, respectfully. Animals were sacrificed after 90 days of exposure. The ventricles and apex were immunostained for IL-1, IL-6, TNF and were also stained with Hemotoxylin and Eosin for histopathological evaluation. Results showed that TCPL drug delivery systems released 5 ng/ml/day of T, and 2 ng/ml/day of DHT and AED. IL-6 was expressed in the control heart ventricle and T, DHT, and AED reduced expression of the cytokine significantly after 90 days. Very small number of cells from the apex responded to IL-6 than cells within the ventricles. The results revealed that (i) the exposure of sustained levels of androgenic hormones exhibited myocardial hypertrophic condition compared to the control animals, (ii) the control animals had a two-fold increase in the ventricles IL-6 production over T treated animals and approximately five-fold increase over DHT and AED treated animals, and (iii) other inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF were not differentially expressed in the ventricles of experimental animals when compared with the control; and (iv) In the apex tissue, animals treated with AED exhibited cells with increased response to IL-6 and a decrease cells responding to TNF and IL-1. IL-6 production in the ventricles decreased in animals exposed to sustained androgenic steroids and this decrease could possibly lead to increased blood flow, resulting in better oxygenation of the myocardium and improved cardiac function.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12085665&dopt=Abstract

Mayo.Edu

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a potent antiresorptive molecule that binds the final effector for osteoclastogenesis, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANK-L). OPG production is regulated by a number of cytokines and hormones, including sex steroids, but there are few data on age and gender effects on circulating serum OPG levels, as well as possible relationships between OPG levels and bone turnover markers or bone mineral density (BMD). Thus, we measured serum OPG levels in an age-stratified, random sample of men (n = 346 age range, 23-90 years) and women (n = 304; age range 21-93 years) and related them to sex steroid levels, bone turnover markers and BMD. Serum OPG levels increased with age in both men (R = 0.39, p < 0.001) and women (R = 0.18, p < 0.01). Premenopausal women had higher OPG levels than men under age 50 years (171 +/- 6 pg/ml vs 134 +/- 6 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.001), whereas serum OPG levels were no different in postmenopausal women compared with men = 50 years (195 +/- 7 pg/ml vs 188 +/- 7 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.179). OPG levels correlated inversely with serum bioavailable testosterone levels in men = 50 years (R = -0.27, p < 0.001), but no associations were present with either estrogen or testosterone levels in the women. In the men, there was a trend for OPG levels to be associated positively with bone resorption markers and inversely with BMD. Collectively, the gender difference in OPG levels suggests that sex steroids may regulate OPG production in vivo, as has been found in vitro. Moreover, OPG production may also rise with increases in bone turnover, probably as a homeostatic mechanism to limit bone loss. Further studies directly testing these hypotheses should provide additional insights into the potential role of OPG in bone loss related to aging and sex steroid deficiency.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12086350&dopt=Abstract

Beautiful, dense hair is a dream for many people. Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been developed. However, due to the diversity of the problems underlying hair loss, there is no single solution that can address all hair loss cases. Another problem is that most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to cope with hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement especially for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a large group of people who take it as suggested. Although personal experiences and anecdotal evidences indicate that it works, we still do not understand the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. R & D costs dearly, and no one would afford to research complex herbal ingredients, which are often not patentable at all because they are made by mother nature.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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