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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references
Arch Ital Urol Androl. 1999 Feb;71(1):7-12.
[Gonadotropin response to GnRH and seminal parameters in low grade varicocele]
[Article in Italian]
Foppiani L, Piredda S, Cavani S, De Cassana P, Valenti S, Giusti M.
Dipartimento di Scienze Endocrinologiche e Metaboliche, Cattedra di Endocrinologia Universita di Genova, Italia.
The pathogenetic role of varicocele in male infertility is still controversial. Although epidemiological data have clearly shown a higher incidence of varicocele in the population of subfertile and infertile patients, the real effectiveness of the surgical repair of varicocele, expressed as increase in the pregnancy rate, is still debated. The presurgical gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) test is the most reliable predictive index of successful surgical outcome in terms of fertility. Only patients with an increased gonadotropin response (in particular FSH) to GnRH will benefit from the surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gonadotropin response to GnRH 50 micrograms i.v. in a group of patients with low-medium grade varicocele. At the beginning of the test, a fine needle was inserted into the forearm and kept patent by a saline solution. Blood samples were collected at the following experimental times: 0, +15, +30, +60, +90, +120 min. The stimulus was administered i.v. as bolus at time 0. The gonadotropin response to the stimulus and baseline levels of testosterone, PRL, 17 beta oestradiol and SHBG were compared with those of a control group. Moreover, all the patients underwent semen analysis after 3-7 days' abstinence and to ultrasound-doppler of the testis. Finally, we preliminarily looked for the presence of microdeletions on the Yq chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. No difference in baseline hormonal levels was found between the patients with varicocele and the controls; the LH response to GnRH was also similar in the two groups. The patients with varicocele showed a significantly (p = 0.03) higher FSH response (13.6 +/- 5.9 mUI/ml) to GnRH than controls (3.8 +/- 0.5 mUI/ml). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.6, p = 0.05) was found between LH peaks after GnRH testing and varicocele grade. Nine of 11 patients with varicocele showed significant seminal abnormalities (i.e., oligoasthenospermia): all patients showed a normal karyotype and no microdeletions were detected on the Yq chromosome. The authors underline the importance of presurgical GnRH testing in patients with low grade varicocele, given the close correlation between gonadotropin-stimulated peaks and varicocele grade found in the study. The presence of significant seminal abnormalities, even in patients with low grade varicocele, suggests the use of molecular genetic techniques to detect possible microdeletions on the Yq chromosome, which may be responsible for the infertility.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10193017&dopt=Abstract
Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Jul;76(1):18-27.
Androgen effects on tyrosine hydroxylase cells in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.
Chu J, Wilczynski W.
Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. chucc.orst.edu
The interaction between gonadal steroids and dopamine neurons has been examined extensively in rodent model systems. However, there have been few investigations examining the functional relation between gonadal steroids and dopaminergic systems in nonmammalian taxa, and none in amphibians. We examined the effects of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on changes in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neuron number in the fore- and midbrain of male Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, using a whole-mount immunohistochemical procedure. Gonadectomized males had significantly fewer TH-ir neurons in the medial preoptic area (POA), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and the caudal hypothalamus/posterior tubercular region (HY/TP) compared with T-implanted males. A follow-up study demonstrated that T- and DHT-implanted males had similar numbers of TH-ir neurons in these three regions compared with intact males and that all three of these groups possessed significantly more TH-ir neurons compared with gonadectomized males. These results suggest that circulating sex steroids have a significant impact on the activity of dopaminergic neurons in male R. pipiens. Although the function of these specific dopaminergic neurons is not yet known, the POA, SCN, and TP/DH are known to be integral brain regions underlying the neural control of reproductive behavior in frogs. These results suggest that dopamine may be important in controlling the behavior or neuroendocrine mechanisms of reproduction in these animals and that dopaminergic activity in these areas is regulated by gonadal steroids. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12097813&dopt=Abstract
Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Jul;76(1):28-34.
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors differentially modulate mouse sexual arousal and the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular response to the presence of a female.
Popova NK, Amstislavskaya TG.
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. npopovionet.nsc.ru
The role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C subtypes of serotonergic receptors in the control of sexual behavior and plasma testosterone regulation was studied in male CBA mice exposed to a sexually receptive female separated by a transparent partition. Introduction of the receptive female induced sexual motivation and arousal in males, as evidenced by a prolonged time spent at the partition, unsuccessful attempts to step across it and a significant increase in plasma testosterone levels. Administration of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists ketanserin (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg i.p.) or cyproheptadine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg i.p.) diminished the behavioral components and prevented the hormonal components of male sexual arousal. Administration of the selective 5-HT2C antagonist RS 102221 (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) considerably increased the time spent by males at the partition (p < 0.001) and, at the dose of 2.0 mg/kg, increased plasma testosterone levels (p < 0.01). Administration of ritanserin - a nonselective 5-HT2A/2C antagonist and, to a smaller degree, 5-HT2B antagonist - at doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg did not significantly influence male behavior and the activating effect of the presence of a female on the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular system, although it increased resting testosterone levels (p < 0.05). The present findings suggest that 5-HT2A/5-HT2C receptors may be involved in the neural control of male sexual motivation and arousal, presumably by exerting reciprocal facilitative (5-HT2A) or suppressive (5-HT2C) influences. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12097814&dopt=Abstract
Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Jul;76(1):35-46.
Interactions between testicular serotoninergic, catecholaminergic, and corticotropin-releasing hormone systems modulating cAMP and testosterone production in the golden hamster.
Frungieri MB, Zitta K, Pignataro OP, Gonzalez-Calvar SI, Calandra RS.
Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
We previously reported the presence of serotonin (5-HT) in testes from golden hamster, a photoperiodic species which is a useful model for the study of states of male (in)fertility. The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) the presence of intrinsic sources of 5-HT in the testis; (2) the role of 5-HT in in vitro androgen production; (3) the serotoninergic receptor subtypes in the testis, and (4) the existence of interactions among the 5-HT receptors and the testicular catecholaminergic and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) systems. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase, a 5-HT-biosynthetic enzyme, in interstitial cells which show the characteristic punctate chromatin pattern of Leydig cells. We describe an inhibitory action of 5-HT on testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol production from testes of peripubertal and adult hamsters maintained in a long photoperiod (14/10 h light/dark), and adult animals exposed to a short photoperiod (6/18 h light/dark). By using several agonists and antagonists of 5-HT receptors, we characterized 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes involved in the inhibitory action of this neurotransmitter on human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate and testosterone production. CRH also produced a negative modulation of both parameters, but epinephrine and norepinephrine, through alpha1/beta1-adrenergic receptors, exerted a stimulatory action. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, and CRH antagonists showed that the testicular activity of the serotoninergic system, but also the alpha1/beta1-adrenergic receptor system, is mediated by CRH. Moreover, interactions between the 5-HT2A receptor system and alpha1/beta-adrenergic receptors have been established. Thus, these data suggest that alpha1/beta1-adrenergic receptors are involved in the local regulatory action exerted by 5-HT on steroidogenesis through a 5-HT2-receptor-mediated response and the CRH system. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12097815&dopt=Abstract
Loss of hair changes the appearance of a person, and the identity of the person in social context to a certain extent.
Hair growth is a complex biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the diversity of the problems underlying hair loss, there is no single solution for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.
Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Albeit only anecdotally, it has demonstrated efficacy in
the improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a significant fraction of people who take it
as recommended. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by
anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis.
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Lutein ||
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Natural herbal formula for hair loss problems ||