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J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Jun;23(3):121-9.
Characterization of urinary metabolites of testosterone, methyltestosterone, mibolerone and boldebone in greyhound dogs.

Williams TM, Kind AJ, Hyde WG, Hill DW.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.

Androgenic steroids are used in female greyhound dogs to prevent the onset of estrus; moreover, these steroids also have potent anabolic activity. As anabolic steroids increase muscle mass and aggression in animals, the excessive use of these agents in racing greyhounds gives an unfair performance advantage to treated dogs. The biotransformation of most anabolic steroids has not been determined in greyhound dogs. The objective of the present study was to identify the urinary metabolites of testosterone, methyltestosterone, mibolerone, and boldenone in greyhound dogs. These steroids were administered orally (1 mg/kg) to either male or female greyhound dogs and urine samples were collected pre-administration and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 72, and 96 h post-administration. Urine extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) to identify major metabolites and to determine their urinary excretion profiles. Major urinary metabolites, primarily glucuronide, conjugated and free, were detected for the selected steroids. Sulfate conjugation did not appear to be a major pathway for steroid metabolism and excretion in the greyhound dog. Phase I biotransformation was also evaluated using greyhound dog liver microsomes from untreated dogs. The identification of several in vivo steroid metabolites generated in this study will be useful in detecting these steroids in urine samples submitted for drug screening.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11110098&dopt=Abstract

Arch Androl. 2000 Nov-Dec;45(3):187-95.
Low plasma testosterone in varicocele patients with impotence and male infertility.

Younes AK.

Department of Andrology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

To study the affect of bilateral varicocele (grade 3) on impotence and male infertility patients, 29 patients were selected from an outpatient clinic during 15 May 1998 to 15 August 1999 (the mean age was 33.9 +/- 6.3), 15 patients complaining of erectile dysfunction and 14 patients complaining of male infertility. The mean duration of impotence was 3 +/- 2.3 years and for male infertility was 6 +/- 2.5. All organic and psychogenic causes related to impotence and male infertility except bilateral varicocele (grade 3) and low plasma testosterone were excluded by clinical and laboratory investigations. Twenty males with normal erection and fertility were included as controls. Detailed medical history and complete physical examination included measurement of testicular size by orchiometer; semen and hormonal parameters were measured for all patients and control. In impotent patients left and right testicular volume was significantly decreased (p < .05), while in male infertility patients left and right testicular volume was highly significantly and, significantly decreased (p < .005, p < .05) compared to controls. In male infertility patients, left testicular volume was highly significantly decreased compared to impotent patients (p < .005). The sperm count and semen volume in impotent patients was significantly decreased (p < .05, p < .01), but no significant differences were found in sperm motility and abnormal forms, while in male infertility the sperm count was highly significantly decreased (p < .005), the sperm motility was significantly decreased (p < .05), the abnormal form was significantly increased (p) < .05), but in the semen volume there was no significant difference compared to controls. In impotent patients the sperm count was significantly increased and abnormal form was significantly decreased compared to male infertility (p < .05). The mean serum testosterone was significantly decreased in impotent patients (p < .01), and highly significantly decreased in male infertility (p < .005) compared to controls. The mean serum FSH was significantly increased in male infertility (p < .05) and nonsignificant in impotent patients compared to controls. The mean serum LH and prolactin levels were nonsignificant in both impotent and male infertility patients compared to controls, but LH was significantly increased in impotence compared to male infertility patients (p < .025). Therefore, bilateral varicocele (grade 3) is associated with significant reduction in testicular function with significant increase in serum levels of FSH and LH, which may cause erectile dysfunction and male infertility.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11111867&dopt=Abstract

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Sep;67(1):193-8.
Testosterone is required for corticosteroid-binding globulin upregulation by morphine to be fully manifested.

Nock B, Wich M, Cicero TJ, O'Connor LH.

Department of Psychiatry, Anatomy, and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. bruccm.wustl.edu

We previously reported that morphine increases the concentration of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in blood of male, but not female, rats. This pronounced sexual dimorphism suggested that CBG upregulation by morphine might be androgen-dependent. In the current studies, we found that castration, whether performed just before or just after puberty or in adulthood, increased the concentration of CBG in adult male rats. Naltrexone did not prevent this increase and, therefore, it does not appear to be attributable to the release of endogenous opioids. Exposure to morphine for 1 week in adulthood increased ( approximately 100%) the concentration of CBG in intact, i.e., sham-castrated, males. The CBG levels of castrated rats treated with morphine did not differ from those of intact rats treated with morphine. However, because castration increased the concentration of CBG, the difference between the placebo and morphine groups decreased with time after castration. At 4 weeks after castration, the difference between the morphine and placebo groups (19%) was no longer statistically significant. Testosterone replacement prevented the rise in CBG levels following castration and maintained the magnitude of the difference between placebo and morphine-treated rats within the normal range. Thus, testosterone appears necessary for morphine effects on CBG to be fully manifested.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11113500&dopt=Abstract

Brain Res Bull. 2000 Oct;53(3):269-73.
Estradiol masculinizes the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala in the rat.

Vinader-Caerols C, Collado P, Segovia S, Guillamon A.

Area de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicologia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

It has been demonstrated that the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (PMCo), is sexually dimorphic. It is shown (Experiment 1) that male orchidectomy on the day of birth (D1) decreases the volume and number of neurons of the PMCo, while a single injection of propionate testosterone to the female on D1 masculinizes the PMCo in this gender. Since male gonadectomy on D1 (Experiment 2) is counteracted by a single injection of estradiol benzoate in males it has been suggested that the masculinization of the PMCo is due to the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol in this structure. These findings support the hypothesis that the development of sex differences in structures that belong to the vomeronasal system are due to the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol shortly after birth.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11113580&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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