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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs

J Infect. 2000 Sep;41(2):184-7.
Comparison of fitness of two isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of which had developed multi-drug resistance during the course of treatment.

Davies AP, Billington OJ, Bannister BA, Weir WR, McHugh TD, Gillespie SH.

Departments of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

OBJECTIVES: We report the cases of two patients, brother and sister, both with pulmonary tuberculosis. Both patients complied poorly with treatment. One developed multi-drug resistant disease, whilst the other did not. We aimed to show that the two infecting strains were the same, and then to compare the fitness of the resistant strain to that of the sensitive strain. METHODS: The isolates were typed by RFLP. The fitness of the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strain was determined by calculating the ratio of generation produced by the drug-resistant and a drug-susceptible strain in a mixed culture. The number of bacteria present in this broth culture was estimated using the Miles and Misra technique. The number of drug-resistant bacteria present was determined by inoculating aliquots of broth onto Middlebrook 7H10 agar with 5mg/l rifampicin. RESULTS: The infecting strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was shown to be the same on RFLP typing in both cases. It was found that the multi-drug resistant organism had decreased fitness compared to the sensitive organism. CONCLUSION: The decreased relative fitness of the resistant strain implies a physiologic cal cost for the development of drug resistance.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11023769&dopt=Abstract

J Infect. 2000 Sep;41(2):I-III.
What's new in HIV

[No authors listed]

The management of co-infection of HIV with tuberculosis is a massive worldwide problem, and as the epidemiology of HIV changes in the U.K. , one that is being increasingly confronted in this country. Of considerable relevance, therefore, is the expert panel discussion included in this bulletin. Also, David Moore summarizes the more interesting and important presentations on opportunistic infections from the recent XIII International AIDS Conference held in Durban, and Nicola Smith provides a clear synopsis of HIV-2 infection, from its epidemiology to the management and treatment.S. Morris-Jones and M.R. Nelson 2000 The British Infection Society.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11023778&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

J Virol. 2000 Nov;74(21):10256-9.
Incorporation of HLA-DR into the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo: correlation with stage of disease and presence of opportunistic infection.

Lawn SD, Butera ST.

HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) bearing HLA-DR in its envelope was detected in plasma from all patients with chronic HIV-1 infection (n = 16) and was present at higher levels in patients with active tuberculosis coinfection (n = 6). Intriguingly, however, HLA-DR was not detectable in HIV-1 from patients during primary viremia (n = 6), suggesting the possibility of virus replication in less-activated cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11024159&dopt=Abstract

Gene. 2000 Sep 19;255(2):419-24.
Purple acid phosphatases from bacteria: similarities to mammalian and plant enzymes.

Schenk G, Korsinczky ML, Hume DA, Hamilton S, DeJersey J.

Department of Biochemistry, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Australia. scheniosci.uq.edu.au

Mammalian and plant purple acid phosphatases have similar active site structures despite low sequence identity (<20%). Although no bacterial enzyme has been purified, a sequence database search revealed that genes that could encode potential purple acid phosphatases may be restricted to a small number of organisms (i.e. myco- and cyanobacteria). Analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences and predicted secondary structures indicates that the cyanobacterial enzyme is similar to both the mammalian and the recently discovered low-molecular-weight plant purple acid phosphatases, while the mycobacterial enzyme is homologous to the fungal and high-molecular-weight plant purple acid phosphatases. Homology models indicate that both bacterial proteins appear to be similar to mammalian purple acid phosphatases in the immediate vicinity of the active site. It is likely that these enzymes act as Fenton-type catalysts in order to prevent damage caused by reactive oxygen species generated by invaded host cells (M. tuberculosis) or by the light-harvesting complex (Synechocystis sp.).

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11024303&dopt=Abstract

Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000 Oct;18(4):429-34.
Pneumonectomy for inflammatory lung disease.

Blyth DF.

Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, University of Natal Medical School, Durban, South Africa. blytwh.und.ac.za

OBJECTIVE: Recent surgical literature has highlighted the dangers of pneumonectomy for inflammatory lung disease; therefore the assessment of the risk/benefit ratio of our departmental policy. METHODS: Patients undergoing pneumonectomy for inflammatory lung disease during two 2-year periods, 1991-1992 and 1996-1997 inclusive, were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical indications for investigation and surgery, and radiographic findings were determined. Some comparisons between the two periods were drawn. Rates of morbidity and mortality were the principle outcome measures. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-five patients, 116 males, 39 females, with an average age of 30.2 years ranging from 1-68 years, underwent pneumonectomy for ongoing features of productive cough, haemoptysis (two emergencies) and chronic empyema all with either bronchographic or computed tomography (CT) evidence of destroyed lung. One hundred and fourteen (72%) had or had had tuberculosis at time of surgery. Histology showed bronchiectasis in 53 (34%), end-stage disease in 49 (31.6%) and active tuberculosis in 48 (30.9%). Over 90% of the patients were free of disease at discharge. Mortality was two (1.2%). Morbidity (23%) included post-pneumonectomy empyema 23 (14.8%), bleeding three (1.9%), broncho-pleural fistula three (1.9%), with wound sepsis in one (0.6%) and thoracic duct injury in one (0.6%). Three groups were identified, (1) pneumonectomy through empyema - a risk group, (2) pneumonectomy in active tuberculosis and (3) pneumonectomy in children. Twenty-three post-pneumonectomy empyemas (PPE) occurred with 21 of these following pneumonectomies through empyema (PTE), six PPEs followed 27 PTEs for active tuberculosis. Fourteen of the 21 empyemas following pneumonectomy through empyema were initially sterilized. Finally 15/23 (65%) of all PPEs were sterilized. Pneumonectomy in active tuberculosis did not carry the mortality or morbidity experienced by others. Pneumonectomy in children was remarkably uncomplicated, with one PPE occurring. CONCLUSIONS: This ongoing study shows pneumonectomy for inflammatory lung to be safe, with good results. Tuberculosis, being so common, adequate pre-operative and operative cover with anti-tuberculosis drugs may enhance results.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11024380&dopt=Abstract

Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million

Hair Loss, or alopecia is a concern for increasing number of folks in aging society. Loss of hair is a visible problem, and affects the appearance and changes identity of a person.
The phenomenon of hair thinning and hair loss is most commonly associated with natural aging, although there are many other causes of hair loss, which include inherited or genetic conditions, illnesses, malnutrition, stress, hormonal problems, chemotherapy, and use of some drugs.
Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the heterogeneity in the underlying cause, there is no perfect cure for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a fraction of people who take it. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. However, there are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula:
Firstly, Hair Million is rather inexpensive, and secondly, it is made of well known herbs that are safe when consumed in regular quantities.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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