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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs





J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Nov;38(11):4285-7.
Value of examining three acid-fast bacillus sputum smears for removal of patients suspected of having tuberculosis from the "airborne precautions" category.

Craft DW, Jones MC, Blanchet CN, Hopfer RL.

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratories, University of North Carolina Hospitals, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA.

We examined the potential risk of tuberculosis transmission if we modified our policy for release of patients from the "airborne precautions" category from three negative acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smears to two, or even one. Over a 4-year period, respiratory cultures from 42 patients grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of these, 36 patients (81%) had a positive AFB smear result on the first submitted specimen. One additional patient (2%) had a first smear-positive finding on the second submitted specimen, and no patients had a first smear-positive result on the third submitted specimen. Respiratory cultures from five patients (12%) grew M. tuberculosis without ever having a positive AFB smear result. These data indicate that in our institution, reducing the number of negative smears required before removal of patients from the airborne precautions category would pose little, if any, increase in the risk of spreading tuberculosis.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11060114&dopt=Abstract



J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 16;276(7):5005-11. Epub 2000 Nov 07.
Identification of residues in the N-terminal domain of the Yersinia tyrosine phosphatase that are critical for substrate recognition.

Montagna LG, Ivanov MI, Bliska JB.

Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA.

YopH is a 468-amino acid protein-tyrosine phosphatase that is produced by pathogenic Yersinia species. YopH is translocated into host mammalian cells via a type III protein secretion system. Translocation of YopH into human epithelial cells results in dephosphorylation of p130(Cas) and paxillin, disruption of focal adhesions, and inhibition of integrin-mediated bacterial phagocytosis. Previous studies have shown that the N-terminal 129 amino acids of YopH comprise a bifunctional domain. This domain binds to the SycH chaperone in Yersinia to orchestrate translocation and to tyrosine-phosphorylated target proteins in host cells to mediate substrate recognition. We used random mutagenesis in combination with the yeast two-hybrid system to identify residues in the YopH N-terminal domain that are involved in substrate-binding activity. Four single codon changes (Q11R, V31G, A33D, and N34D) were identified that interfered with binding of the YopH N-terminal domain to tyrosine-phosphorylated p130(Cas) but not to SycH. These mutations did not impair YopH translocation into HeLa cells infected with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Introduction of the V31G substitution into catalytically inactive (substrate-trapping) forms of YopH interfered with the ability of these proteins to bind to p130(Cas) and to localize to focal adhesions in HeLa cells. In addition, the V31G substitution reduced the ability of catalytically active YopH to dephosphorylate target proteins in HeLa cells. These data indicate that the substrate- and SycH-binding activities of the YopH N-terminal domain can be separated and that the former activity is important for recognition and dephosphorylation of substrates by YopH in vivo.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11069923&dopt=Abstract



J Infect Dis. 2000 Dec;182(6):1788-90. Epub 2000 Oct 26.
Mutations at amino acid position 315 of the katG gene are associated with high-level resistance to isoniazid, other drug resistance, and successful transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands.

van Soolingen D, de Haas PE, van Doorn HR, Kuijper E, Rinder H, Borgdorff MW.

Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, RIVM (LIS-pb22), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. d.van.soolingeivm.nl

The prevalence of mutations at amino acid (aa) position 315 in the katG gene of isoniazid (INH)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in The Netherlands and the mutation's association with the level of INH resistance, multidrug resistance, and transmission were determined. Of 4288 M. tuberculosis isolates with available laboratory results, 295 (7%) exhibited INH resistance. Of 148 aa 315 mutants, 89% had MICs of 5-10 microg/mL, whereas 75% of the other 130 INH-resistant strains had MICs of 0.5-1 microg/mL. Of the aa 315 mutants, 33% exhibited monodrug resistance, compared with 69% of other INH-resistant strains (P<.0001). Multidrug resistance was found among 14% of the aa 315 mutants and 7% of the other INH-resistant strains (P>.05). The probability of being in an IS6110 DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism cluster was similar for aa 315 mutants and INH-susceptible strains, but the probability was reduced in other INH-resistant strains. Thus, aa 315 mutants lead to secondary cases of tuberculosis as often as INH-susceptible strains do.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11069256&dopt=Abstract



J Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 15;186(12):1808-14. Epub 2002 Nov 22.
Interleukin-10, polymorphism in SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1), and susceptibility to tuberculosis.

Awomoyi AA, Marchant A, Howson JM, McAdam KP, Blackwell JM, Newport MJ.

Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.

Host genetic factors are major determinants of susceptibility to tuberculosis, and an understanding of the molecular basis of this observation has major implications for the development of novel therapies and vaccines. Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1), the first murine infection susceptibility locus identified, regulates early innate responses to intracellular pathogens. Variation in the human homologue SLC11A1 is associated with and linked to tuberculosis in genetically different populations. In a case-control study of 329 tuberculosis case patients and 324 control subjects, the association between allele 2 of a functional SLC11A1 polymorphism and tuberculosis has been reproduced. This variant is associated with higher lipopolysaccharide-induced production of the macrophage-deactivating cytokine interleukin-10. Furthermore, monocytes from persons who develop tuberculosis innately produce more interleukin-10 than do monocytes from healthy control subjects. These data therefore confirm the importance of SLC11A1 in tuberculosis susceptibility in humans and suggest that SLC11A1 influences tuberculosis susceptibility by regulation of interleukin-10.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12447767&dopt=Abstract



Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000 Nov 23;77(1-2):43-54.
Kinetics of IL-2 receptor expression on lymphocyte subsets from goats infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after specific in vitro stimulation.

Storset AK, Berntsen G, Larsen HJ.

Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, N-0033, Oslo, Norway. anne.storseeths.no

Quantification of surface IL-2R expression on activated lymphocytes by flow cytometry have recently been reported to be useful in measuring cellular immunity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in goats (Whist et al., 2000, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 73, 207-218). To characterise the phenotype of the peripheral lymphocytes expressing IL-2R after in vitro stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD) from M. a. paratuberculosis, cells were processed for dual or triple colour analysis by flow cytometry (CD4 and IL-2R or CD8, gammadelta-TcR and IL-2R). To distinguish the response of antigen-specific T cells from non-specific stimulation, we performed a time-course study of proliferating cells in a group of M. a. paratuberculosis-infected animals and a control group. Following in vitro stimulation with PPD of whole blood for three different periods of time, IL-2R expression was detected mainly not only in gammadelta-T cells, but also in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We found a specific response of gammadelta-T cells from infected animals after 24h of stimulation. Following 120h of stimulation, however, gammadelta-T cells from control animals up-regulated IL-2R to the same level as those from infected animals, indicating either a non-specific stimulation or activation due to a first line of defence against Mycobacterium antigens. The CD4+ cells showed a specific response to PPD stimulation at all three time points. A minor population of antigen reactive gammadelta+ cells also expressed CD8. The proliferative responses differed between alphabeta and gammadelta-T cells; the IL-2R+ alphabeta T cell population mainly comprised proliferating cells, while the gammadelta+ population showed less expansion.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11068065&dopt=Abstract







The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer an essential part of our body, just like appendix. What little hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

Hair Million is a blend of Asian herbs that wards off hair loss and promotes hair growth. Of various approaches to hair restoration, Hair Million offers advantages including low cost compared with other methods or drugs, and safety, because it is made of safe and healthy herbs.












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