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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs





Infect Immun. 2000 Dec;68(12):6879-82.
Expression of the nitric oxide synthase 2 gene is not essential for early control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the murine lung.

Cooper AM, Pearl JE, Brooks JV, Ehlers S, Orme IM.

Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. acoopevmbs.colostate.edu

The interleukin-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) pathway of macrophage activation plays a pivotal role in controlling tuberculosis. In the murine model, the generation of supplementary nitric oxide by the induction of the nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) gene product is considered the principal antimicrobial mechanism of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. Using a low-dose aerosol-mediated infection model in the mouse, we have investigated the role of nitric oxide in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung. In contrast to the consequences of a systemic infection, a low dose of bacteria introduced directly into the lungs of mice lacking the NOS2 gene is controlled almost as well as in intact animals. This is in contrast to the rapid progression of disease in mice lacking IFN-gamma or a key member of the IFN signaling pathway, interferon regulatory factor 1. Thus while IFN-gamma is pivotal in early control of bacterial growth in the lung, this control does not completely depend upon the expression of the NOS2 gene. The absence of inducible nitric oxide in the lung does, however, result in increased polymorphonuclear cell involvement and eventual necrosis in the pulmonary granulomas of the infected mice lacking the NOS2 gene.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083808&dopt=Abstract



Infect Immun. 2000 Dec;68(12):7003-9.
Mycobacterium bovis-infected cervine alveolar macrophages secrete lymphoreactive lipid antigens.

Aldwell FE, Dicker BL, da Silva Tatley FM, Cross MF, Liggett S, Mackintosh CG, Griffin JF.

Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. frank.aldweltonebow.otago.ac.nz

Tuberculosis is caused by intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the primary host cell for inhaled mycobacteria. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which infected AMs can process and present mycobacterial antigens to primed lymphocytes and how these responses may affect ensuing protection in the host. In the present study, we sought to determine whether AMs from a naturally susceptible host for Mycobacterium bovis (red deer) could produce and secrete soluble immunoreactive antigens following mycobacterial infection in vitro. Confluent monolayers of deer AMs were infected with either heat-killed or live virulent M. bovis or M. bovis BCG at a multiplicity of infection of 5:1 and cultured for 48 h. Culture supernatants were collected, concentrated, and tested for the presence of mycobacterial antigens in a lymphocyte proliferation assay by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from M. bovis-sensitized or naive deer. Supernatants derived from macrophages which had been infected with live bacilli stimulated the proliferation of antigen-sensitized, but not naive, lymphocytes. Supernatants derived from uninoculated AMs or AMs inoculated with heat-killed bacilli failed to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. The lymphoproliferative activity was retained following lipid extraction of the supernatants, which were free of amino groups as determined by thin-layer chromatography. These results demonstrate that mycobacteria which are actively growing within AMs produce lipids which are secreted into the extracellular milieu and that these lipids are recognized by lymphocytes from mycobacterium-primed hosts. We suggest that mycobacterial lipids are released from AMs following aerosol infection in vivo and that they play an important role in the early immune response to tuberculosis.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083825&dopt=Abstract



Infect Immun. 2000 Dec;68(12):7094-9.
Identification of a Mycobacterium bovis BCG auxotrophic mutant that protects guinea pigs against M. bovis and hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis without sensitization to tuberculin.

Chambers MA, Williams A, Gavier-Widen D, Whelan A, Hall G, Marsh PD, Bloom BR, Jacobs WR, Hewinson RG.

TB Research Group, Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB.

Tuberculosis remains one of the most significant diseases of humans and animals. The only currently available vaccine against this disease is a live, attenuated vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which was originally derived from Mycobacterium bovis and despite its variable efficacy is the most widely administered vaccine in the world. With the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus-AIDS pandemic concern has been raised over the safety of BCG. Moreover, since BCG sensitizes vaccinated individuals to the tuberculin test, vaccination with BCG prevents diagnosis of infection in vaccinated individuals. Recently, auxotrophic strains of BCG have been generated by insertional mutagenesis which have been shown to be safer than the parent BCG strain following administration to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. These strains have also been shown to give comparable protection against intravenous and intratracheal challenge of BALB/c mice with M. tuberculosis relative to conventional BCG. Here we report that one of these mutants, a leucine auxotroph of BCG, conferred significant protection of the lungs and spleens of guinea pigs infected with M. bovis and protection of the spleens of guinea pigs infected with M. tuberculosis in the absence of a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin. Therefore, protective immunity to tuberculosis may, at least in part, be achieved without sensitization to the tuberculin skin test. These results indicate that it may be possible to develop a new generation of vaccines based on BCG that are protective, are safe for use in the immunocompromised, and do not preclude the use of the tuberculin skin test in both humans and animals.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083835&dopt=Abstract



Infect Immun. 2000 Dec;68(12):7144-8.
Human CD8(+) T cells specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted antigens in tuberculosis patients and healthy BCG-vaccinated controls in The Gambia.

Smith SM, Klein MR, Malin AS, Sillah J, Huygen K, Andersen P, McAdam KP, Dockrell HM.

Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. steven.smitshtm.ac.uk

Intracellular flow cytometry analysis of perforin production by CD8(+) T cells showed levels were greatly reduced in tuberculosis (TB) patients compared to healthy controls. Reduced cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity was also obtained with CD8(+) T cells from TB patients compared to healthy controls in The Gambia. A change in antigen recognition was noted between the two groups of donors: in addition to recognition of Ag85A and Ag85B, as seen in healthy donors, a prominent ESAT-6 response was found in TB patients.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083843&dopt=Abstract



Vet Res Commun. 2000 Nov;24(7):435-43.
Paratuberculosis in red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in the western Alps.

Nebbia P, Robino P, Ferroglio E, Rossi L, Meneguz G, Rosati S.

Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Universita di Torino, Italy. pnebbieter.unito.it

During the hunting seasons 1995-96 to 1997-98, 19 red deer from the Upper Susa Valley (Cottian Alps) were examined for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Specific DNA amplification on mesenteric lymph nodes detected Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in 17 animals. Ten of these red deer were tested for serum antibodies by the AGID and ELISA tests, nine being negative. Three isolates from infected deer were genetically characterized by an arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and showed similar genetic polymorphism to that of bovine strains isolated in different Italian areas. The study showed that paratuberculosis is present in red deer of the Upper Susa Valley and that serological tests are not an efficient means for monitoring this infection.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11085463&dopt=Abstract







The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.












DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.





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