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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs

Br J Radiol. 2002 Apr;75(892):340-4.
Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in immunocompetent patients: radiography-CT correlation.

Wittram C, Weisbrod GL.

Department of Medical Imaging, The Toronto General Hospital, Toronto University, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4.

This study aimed to describe and correlate the chest radiography and CT findings of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease in immunocompetent patients. 26 patients fulfilled The American Thoracic Society criteria for MAC lung disease and underwent chest radiography and CT within 6 weeks of positive cultures. All abnormalities and predominant lobar involvement were recorded and abnormalities on chest radiography were correlated with those on CT. The images were evaluated by two chest radiologists and decisions were reached by consensus. 21 females and 5 males, with an overall mean age of 69 years, were included in the study. All chest radiographs and CT scans were abnormal. On chest radiography, overinflation was demonstrated in 18 patients. CT scan abnormalities included atelectasis (n=17), bronchiectasis (n=24), cavities (n=13), consolidation (n=3), emphysema (n=11), ground-glass opacity (n=8), linear opacities (n=26), mediastinal lymphadenopathy (n=3), nodules (n=25) and pleural disease (n=15). CT findings were at variance with chest radiography findings in 15 lobes. A new feature from this study is that the majority of patients with MAC lung disease demonstrate overinflation on chest radiography. 19% of cases had predominant upper lobe disease, indistinguishable from post-primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. 77% of cases demonstrated the major imaging criteria of MAC lung disease. These are ill defined nodules, bronchiectasis, predominant middle lobe and/or lingular abnormalities, with or without overinflation. We believe that these characteristic radiological signs will assist the physician in the diagnostic work-up of patients with MAC lung disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12000692&dopt=Abstract

N Engl J Med. 2002 May 9;346(19):1453-8.
Changes in the transmission of tuberculosis in New York City from 1990 to 1999.

Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Driver C, Li J, Burzynski J, DellaLatta P, LaPaz A, Schluger NW.

College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, there has been a reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis in New York City and in the United States. However, the reduction has been confined mainly to U.S.-born persons. Understanding the reasons for the lack of reduction among non-U.S.-born persons may lead to new strategies for tuberculosis control. METHODS: We performed DNA fingerprinting with the IS6110 insertion sequence of the organisms isolated from patients with culture-positive tuberculosis in northern Manhattan from 1990 to 1999. The goal was to identify the strains responsible for multiple infections, presumably through recent transmission (clusters of cases), as well as the strains found in only one patient, presumably representing reactivation of latent infection. RESULTS: Of 546 available isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 261 (48 percent) belonged to a cluster and 285 (52 percent) did not. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of noncluster status included birth outside the United States (odds ratio for a strain causing a cluster among non-Hispanic foreign-born patients, 0.31; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.66; odds ratio among Hispanic foreign-born patients, 0.51; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.88), age greater than 60 years (odds ratio, 0.37), and diagnosis after 1993 (odds ratio, 0.50). All these characteristics appeared to be associated with reactivation disease rather than with tuberculosis due to recent transmission. Homelessness was associated with clustering (odds ratio, 1.78; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 3.20) and therefore with recent transmission. CONCLUSIONS: These findings from northern Manhattan suggest that among foreign-born persons, tuberculosis is largely caused by reactivation of latent infection, whereas among U.S.-born persons, many cases result from recent transmission. Strategies for the control and elimination of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons at high risk should be directed toward the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12000815&dopt=Abstract

Nature. 2002 May 9;417(6885):141-7.
Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

Bentley SD, Chater KF, Cerdeno-Tarraga AM, Challis GL, Thomson NR, James KD, Harris DE, Quail MA, Kieser H, Harper D, Bateman A, Brown S, Chandra G, Chen CW, Collins M, Cronin A, Fraser A, Goble A, Hidalgo J, Hornsby T, Howarth S, Huang CH, Kieser T, Larke L, Murphy L, Oliver K, O'Neil S, Rabbinowitsch E, Rajandream MA, Rutherford K, Rutter S, Seeger K, Saunders D, Sharp S, Squares R, Squares S, Taylor K, Warren T, Wietzorrek A, Woodward J, Barrell BG, Parkhill J, Hopwood DA.

The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. sdanger.ac.uk

Streptomyces coelicolor is a representative of the group of soil-dwelling, filamentous bacteria responsible for producing most natural antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. Here we report the 8,667,507 base pair linear chromosome of this organism, containing the largest number of genes so far discovered in a bacterium. The 7,825 predicted genes include more than 20 clusters coding for known or predicted secondary metabolites. The genome contains an unprecedented proportion of regulatory genes, predominantly those likely to be involved in responses to external stimuli and stresses, and many duplicated gene sets that may represent 'tissue-specific' isoforms operating in different phases of colonial development, a unique situation for a bacterium. An ancient synteny was revealed between the central 'core' of the chromosome and the whole chromosome of pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The genome sequence will greatly increase our understanding of microbial life in the soil as well as aiding the generation of new drug candidates by genetic engineering.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12000953&dopt=Abstract

yahoo.com

The present work has as its purpose a description of the information exchanged during doctor-patient encounters immediately following diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. To accomplish this nine such encounters were audiotape at two public health clinics in Guadalajara, Mexico. Communication of information and affect was evaluated by adapting the Roter interactional process analysis. Results show that the physician instructed the patient to behave in ways to prevent disease transmission while assuring patient recovery. Virtually lacking from these recordings is evidence of physician concern with the struggle patients experience to incorporate this regimen of directly observed therapy in to their daily lives. Because these sessions are managed by clinicians to encourage a unidirectional flow of information from physician to patient, the former fail to attain either patient cultural understanding of his/her disease process or comprehensive understanding of how he is affected she by the illness.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12001434&dopt=Abstract

WHOAFR.ORG

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) much of the attention of policy makers, health care managers, health systems researchers and donors is focussed almost solely on mobilising additional resources and not on efficiency in their use. OBJECTIVE(S): To investigate the technical inefficiencies among 155 primary health care clinics in Kwazulu-Natal Province of South Africa; and to draw policy implications. DESIGN: Cross-sectional provincial health clinic survey. SELLING: Kwazulu-Natal Provincial Department of Health Clinics survey, 1996. SUBJECTS: The analysis is based on 155 public clinics. INTERVENTIONS: Non-intervention Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Technical and scale efficiency scores. RESULTS: Forty seven (30%) were found to be technically efficient. Among the 108 (70%) technically inefficient facilities, 16% had an efficiency score of 50% or less. The presence of inefficiencies indicates that a clinic has excess inputs or insufficient outputs compared to those clinics on the efficiency frontier. To achieve technical efficiency, Kwazulu-Natal clinics would, in total have to decrease inputs by 417 nurses and 457 general staff. Alternatively, outputs would have to be increased by 115,534 antenatal visits, 1,010 births (deliveries), 179,075 child care visits, 5,702 dental visits, 121,658 family planning visits, 36,032 psychiatric visits, 56,068 sexually transmitted disease visits and 34,270 tuberculosis visits. CONCLUSION: There is need for more detailed studies in a number of the relativdy efficient clinics to determine why they are efficient with a view of documenting attributes of 'best practise' that other clinics can emulate. The potential benefit of replicating this kind of study in other provinces, and indeed, other SSA countries cannot be overemphasised.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12002061&dopt=Abstract

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer an essential part of our body, just like appendix. What little hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

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