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Vet Pathol. 2002 May;39(3):334-40.
Lesion development in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

Palmer MV, Waters WR, Whipple DL.

National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA. mpalmeadc.ars.usda.gov

The recent discovery of tuberculosis in free-living white-tailed deer in northeastern Michigan underscores the need for increased understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in wildlife species. To investigate lesion development in white-tailed deer, 32 deer were experimentally infected by intratonsilar instillation of 300 colony-forming units of Mycobacterium bovis. Three deer each were euthanatized and examined at days 15, 28, 42, and 56 after inoculation, and five deer each were euthanatized and examined at days 89, 180, 262, and 328 after inoculation. Microscopic lesions first were seen in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and lung 28 and 42 days after inoculation, respectively. Lung lesions were present in 12 (38%) of 32 deer, involving 23 lung lobes. Left caudal and right middle and caudal lobes were involved in 17 (74%) of the 23 affected lung lobes. Lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node first appeared as granulomas composed of aggregates of macrophages and Langhans-type giant cells. Some early granulomas contained centrally located neutrophils. As granulomas developed, neutrophils were replaced with a central zone of caseous necrosis that first showed signs of mineralization 42 days after inoculation. Granulomas increased in size as the zone of caseous necrosis expanded. Peripheral fibrosis, first seen at 56 days after inoculation, progressed to only a thin fibrous capsule by 328 days after inoculation. By the termination of the study, the central necrotic core of the granuloma contained abundant liquefied necrotic material and grossly resembled an abscess. Although tuberculous lesions in white-tailed deer follow a developmental pattern similar to that in cattle, fibrosis is less pronounced and the advanced lesions may liquefy, a change seldom reported in cattle. An understanding of lesion development will aid in the identification of the spectrum of disease that may be seen in this important wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12014497&dopt=Abstract

Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 May;97(5):1198-203.
Prevalence and interaction of hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis in Vietnamese immigrants to the United States.

Patel PA, Voigt MD.

Internal Medicine, Community Health Care, Inc, Davenport, Iowa, USA.

OBJECTIVES: Southeast Asian immigrants, with a high prevalence of both hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis, constitute a large proportion of immigrants to the United States. Isoniazid hepatotoxicity may be associated with hepatitis B. This study was conducted to document the prevalence and interaction of hepatitis B, latent tuberculosis, and isoniazid toxicity. METHODS: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and tuberculin skin testing was done on 743 Vietnamese immigrants to the Midwest between January, 1991 and December, 1999. HBsAg positive cases were tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). All tuberculin skin test-positive patients were treated with isoniazid, unless contraindicated. Complications of isoniazid treatment and compliance with hepatitis B virus immunization recommendations were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred three subjects (13.86%) had HBsAg, and 43 (5.7%) HBeAg. Prevalences of latent tuberculosis were similar in HBsAg positive (53%) and HBsAg negative (45%) subjects. Sixty-two percent of HBeAg positive versus 19% of HBeAg negative subjects had hepatotoxic side effects requiring discontinuation of treatment (relative risk [RR] = 11.38, CI = 5.49 < RR < 23.59, p < 0.001). Three cases of severe isoniazid hepatitis occurred in 21 HBeAg positive subjects, versus no cases in 121 HBeAg negative cases treated with isoniazid (RR = 7.72, CI = 5.02 < RR < 11.88, p < 0.001). Only 58% of subjects at risk of developing hepatitis B virus infection were appropriately immunized. CONCLUSIONS: Vietnamese immigrants have a high prevalence of hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis. HBeAg positive cases have a 7.7-fold increased risk of serious isoniazid toxicity and an 11.3-fold increased risk of isoniazid side effects requiring discontinuation of treatment. HBeAg represents an important risk factor for severe isoniazid hepatitis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12014728&dopt=Abstract

Clin Radiol. 2002 May;57(5):408-14.
Tuberculosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Kim HC, Goo JM, Kim HB, Lee JW, Seo JB, Im JG.

Department of Radiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Korea.

AIM: The purpose of our study was to describe radiological manifestations of tuberculosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest radiographs and CTs of 12 patients with tuberculosis among 195 consecutive patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, proved by bone marrow biopsy, were reviewed. Six of the 12 patients presented with tuberculosis and were subsequently found to have myelodysplastic syndrome. RESULTS: Chest radiographs and CTs revealed pulmonary tuberculosis in all 12 patients and extrapulmonary tuberculous involvement in six (50%). Initial chest radiographic findings of pulmonary tuberculosis included a primary pattern (n = 6), a post-primary pattern (n = 3), a miliary pattern (n = 1), atypical infiltrates (n = 1) and normal radiograph (n = 1). Tuberculosis involved extrathoracic lymph nodes (n = 5), liver (n = 2), spleen (n = 2), kidney (n = 2), bowel (n = 2), pericardium (n = 2) peritoneum (n = 1) and rib (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis is a relatively common cause of infection in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. The radiological appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis in myelodysplastic syndromes is often a primary pattern, and there is frequently extrapulmonary involvement. 2002 The Royal College of Radiologists.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12014940&dopt=Abstract

Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2002 Mar;24(2):188-90.
[Serratia marcescens vaccine in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion]

[Article in Chinese]

Shi H, Zhu Y, Xu L, Liu Z, You Y, Meng Q, Zhang X, Xu J.

Beijing Thoracic Tumour and Tuberculosis Hospital, Beijing 101149, China.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of Serratia marcescens (S311) vaccine in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with malignant pleural effusion were given S311 as intrapleural injection with a dose of 10(9) U (0.32 mg) on D 1, 8 and 15, and observed for four weeks. RESULTS: The overall response rate (CR + PR) was 97.1% (CR in 12 patients and PR in 21 patients). The systemic toxicity was mild, including fever (82.4%), pleuritic pain (50.7%), nansea (26.5%), dyspnea (17.5%) and chills (5.9%). CONCLUSION: Serratia marcescens vaccine is effective for malignant pleural effusion, with tolerable toxic effects. Further study is warranted.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12015046&dopt=Abstract

Rev Esp Cardiol. 2002 May;55(5):493-8.
[Should we try to determine the specific cause of cardiac tamponade?]

[Article in Spanish]

Oliver Navarrete C, Marin Ortuno F, Pineda Rocamora J, Lujan Martinez J, Garcia Fernandez A, Climent Paya VE, Martinez Martinez JG, Aranda Lopez I, Sogorb Garri F.

Servicio de Cardiologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Spain.

INTRODUCTION: The causes of cardiac tamponade vary and it has been suggested that underlying causes should be sought in all cases. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of cardiac tamponade in our environment, distinguishing between specific and idiopathic causes, and analyzing the proportion and causes in the subgroup of patients with relapsing tamponade. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively studied all patients who underwent therapeutic pericardiocentesis between 1985 and 2001. The clinical and radiographic features and macroscopic characteristics of the pericardial fluid were analyzed. The final diagnosis in each patient was based on the clinical history, follow-up, pericardial fluid cytology, and pericardial biopsy, if available. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were included (52 men/44 women), mean age 56.1 16.1 years. The cause of pericardial effusion was neoplasm in 50 patients (52.1%), 14 idiopathic pericarditis (14.6%), 12 renal failure (12.5%), 7 iatrogenic cases (7.3%), 4 mechanical tamponades (4.2%), 2 tuberculosis (2.1%), and 7 other causes (7.3%). Thirty-five patients had relapsing tamponade; only 2 of them had idiopathic pericarditis (5.7%). We found no significant differences in age, development time, extracted volume or fluid features between tamponade of specific or idiopathic origin. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the cardiac tamponades in our series had a specific cause. This made it necessary to identify a specific underlying cause in each case, especially in relapsing effusions. However, we did not find any variable suggestive of the cause of the disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12015929&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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